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APOL1 Risk Alleles are Associated with More Severe Arteriosclerosis in Renal Resistance Vessels with Aging and Hypertension.

ABSTRACT: The increased risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) among hypertensive African Americans is partly related to APOL1 allele variants. Hypertension-associated arterionephrosclerosis consists of arteriosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, and cortical fibrosis. The initial glomerulosclerosis, attributed to preglomerular arteriosclerosis and ischemia, consists of focal global glomerulosclerosis (FGGS), but in biopsy studies, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is found with progression to ESKD, particularly in African Americans. This is a study of arterionephrosclerosis in successfully APOL1 genotyped autopsy kidney tissue of 159 African Americans (61 no risk alleles, 68 one risk allele, 30 two risk alleles) and 135 whites aged 18-89 years from a general population with no clinical renal disease. Glomerulosclerosis was nearly exclusively FGGS with only three subjects having FSGS-like lesions that were unrelated to APOL1 risk status. For both races, in multivariable analysis, the dependent variables of arteriosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, and cortical fibrosis were all significantly related to the independent variables of older age (P < 0.001) and hypertension (P < 0.001). A relationship between APOL1 genotype and arteriosclerosis was apparent only after 35 years of age when, for any level of elevated blood pressure, more severe arteriosclerosis was found in the interlobular arteries of 14 subjects with two APOL1 risk alleles when compared to African Americans with none (n = 37, P = 0.02) or one risk alleles (n = 35, P = 0.02). With the limitation of the small number of subjects contributing to the positive results, the findings imply that APOL1 risk alleles recessively augment small vessel arteriosclerosis in conjunction with age and hypertension. FSGS was not a significant finding, indicating that in the early stages of arterionephrosclerosis, the primary pathologic influence of APOL1 genotype is vascular rather than glomerular.

SUBMITTER: Hughson MD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5012291 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundDuring organ retrieval, surgeons estimate the degree of arteriosclerosis and this plays an important role in decisions on organ acceptance. Our study aimed to elucidate the association between macroscopic renal artery arteriosclerosis, donor kidney discard, and transplant outcome.MethodsWe selected all transplanted and discarded kidneys in the Netherlands between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2015, from deceased donors aged 50 y and older, for which data on renal artery arteriosclerosis were available (n = 2610). The association between arteriosclerosis and kidney discard, the relation between arteriosclerosis and outcome, and the correlation between macroscopic and microscopic arteriosclerosis were explored.ResultsMacroscopic arteriosclerosis was independently associated with kidney discard (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.80; P = 0.03). Arteriosclerosis (any degree) was not significantly associated with delayed graft function (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.94-1.43; P = 0.16), estimated glomerular filtration rate 1-y posttransplant (B, 0.58; 95% CI, -2.07 to 3.22; P = 0.67), and long-term graft survival (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.86-1.33; P = 0.55). There was a significant association between mild arteriosclerosis and primary nonfunction (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.19-3.84; P = 0.01). We found no correlation between macroscopic and histological arteriosclerosis, nor between histological arteriosclerosis and transplant outcome.ConclusionsMacroscopic arteriosclerosis of the renal artery was independently associated with kidney discard and somewhat associated with primary nonfunction posttransplant. However, there was no effect of arteriosclerosis on delayed graft function, estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 y, or long-term graft survival. Our results are valid only after inevitable exclusion of discarded kidneys that had on average more arteriosclerosis. Hence, conclusions should be interpreted in the light of this potential bias.

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APOL1 Risk Alleles are Associated with More Severe Arteriosclerosis in Renal Resistance Vessels with Aging and Hypertension.

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