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Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo.

ABSTRACT: New plantations can either cause deforestation by replacing natural forests or avoid this by using previously cleared areas. The extent of these two situations is contested in tropical biodiversity hotspots where objective data are limited. Here, we explore delays between deforestation and the establishment of industrial tree plantations on Borneo using satellite imagery. Between 1973 and 2015 an estimated 18.7?Mha of Borneo's old-growth forest were cleared (14.4?Mha and 4.2?Mha in Indonesian and Malaysian Borneo). Industrial plantations expanded by 9.1?Mha (7.8?Mha oil-palm; 1.3?Mha pulpwood). Approximately 7.0?Mha of the total plantation area in 2015 (9.2?Mha) were old-growth forest in 1973, of which 4.5-4.8?Mha (24-26% of Borneo-wide deforestation) were planted within five years of forest clearance (3.7-3.9?Mha oil-palm; 0.8-0.9?Mha pulpwood). This rapid within-five-year conversion has been greater in Malaysia than in Indonesia (57-60% versus 15-16%). In Indonesia, a higher proportion of oil-palm plantations was developed on already cleared degraded lands (a legacy of recurrent forest fires). However, rapid conversion of Indonesian forests to industrial plantations has increased steeply since 2005. We conclude that plantation industries have been the principle driver of deforestation in Malaysian Borneo over the last four decades. In contrast, their role in deforestation in Indonesian Borneo was less marked, but has been growing recently. We note caveats in interpreting these results and highlight the need for greater accountability in plantation development.

SUBMITTER: Gaveau DL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5015015 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo.

Gaveau David L A DL Sheil Douglas D Husnayaen Salim Mohammad A MA Arjasakusuma Sanjiwana S Ancrenaz Marc M Pacheco Pablo P Meijaard Erik E

Scientific reports 20160908

New plantations can either cause deforestation by replacing natural forests or avoid this by using previously cleared areas. The extent of these two situations is contested in tropical biodiversity hotspots where objective data are limited. Here, we explore delays between deforestation and the establishment of industrial tree plantations on Borneo using satellite imagery. Between 1973 and 2015 an estimated 18.7 Mha of Borneo's old-growth forest were cleared (14.4 Mha and 4.2 Mha in Indonesian an ...[more]

PMID: 27605501

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Project description:ObjectiveAs the number of female medical students and surgical residents increases, the increasing number of female academic surgeons has been disproportionate. The purpose of this brief report is to evaluate the AAMC data from 1969 to 2018 to compare the level of female academic faculty representation for surgical specialties over the past four decades.DesignThe number of women as a percentage of the total surgeons per year were recorded for each year from 1969-2018, the most recent year available. Descriptive statistics were performed. Poisson regression examined the percentage of women in each field as the outcome of interest with the year and specialty (using general surgery as a reference) as two predictor variables.SettingData from the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC).ParticipantsAll full-time academic faculty physicians in the specialties of obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), general surgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology (ENT), plastic surgery, plastic surgery, urology, neurosurgery, orthopaedic surgery and cardiothoracic surgery as per AAMC records.ResultsThe percentage of women in surgery for all specialties evaluated increased from 1969 to 2018 (OR 1.04, p<0.001). Compared with general surgery, the rate of yearly percentage change increased more slowly in neurosurgery (OR 0.84; P = .004), orthopaedic surgery (OR 0.82; P = .002), urology (OR 0.59; P < .001), and cardiothoracic surgery (OR 0.38; P < .001). There was no significant difference in the rate of yearly percentage change for plastic surgery (OR 1.01; P = .840). The rate of yearly percentage change increased more rapidly in OB/GYN (OR 2.86; P < .001), ophthalmology (OR 1.79; P < .001) and ENT (OR 1.70; P < .001).ConclusionsRepresentation of women in academic surgery is increasing overall but is increasing more slowly in orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, cardiothoracic surgery and urology compared with that in general surgery. These data may be used to inform and further the discussion of how mentorship and sponsorship of female students and trainees interested in surgical careers may improve gender equity in the future.

Dataset Information

Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo.

Publications

Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo.

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