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Arthroscopic Microfracture for Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Capitellum.

ABSTRACT: Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is one of the most common causes of elbow pain and dysfunction in adolescent athletes. It typically occurs in gymnasts and overhead throwers and presents along a wide spectrum of severity. Stable lesions can typically be treated with conservative therapy; however, those presenting with instability, fragmentation, or loose bodies generally require surgical intervention. Although there are a number of described surgical options used to treat capitellar OCD lesions, microfracture is one of the most commonly performed and well studied. Patients who are candidates for microfracture generally have favorable outcomes with high rates of return to athletic activity after postoperative rehabilitation. In this work, we present our preferred arthroscopic technique for microfracture of OCD lesions of the capitellum. This technique is most suitable for patients with unstable or fragmented OCD lesions that are less than 1 cm in diameter and do not violate the lateral-most articular margin of the capitellum.

SUBMITTER: Camp CL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5020640 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Arthroscopic Microfracture for Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Capitellum.

Camp Christopher L CL Dines Joshua S JS Degen Ryan M RM Sinatro Alec L AL Altchek David W DW

Arthroscopy techniques 20160509 3

Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is one of the most common causes of elbow pain and dysfunction in adolescent athletes. It typically occurs in gymnasts and overhead throwers and presents along a wide spectrum of severity. Stable lesions can typically be treated with conservative therapy; however, those presenting with instability, fragmentation, or loose bodies generally require surgical intervention. Although there are a number of described surgical options used to treat capitellar OC ...[more]

PMID: 27656365

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Project description:PurposeTo analyze the available literature pertaining to the indications, outcomes, and complications of both microfracture (MFX) and simple debridement for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).MethodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Studies were included if they evaluated OCD of the capitellum that underwent either arthroscopic debridement (AD) or MFX. The risk of bias was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) scale. Patient demographic characteristics, imaging findings, return-to-sport rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion (ROM), complications, failures, and reoperations were recorded.ResultsEleven studies with 327 patients (332 elbows) met the inclusion criteria. Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) scores ranged from 63% to 75% and showed considerable heterogeneity. Both AD and MFX showed improvement in patient outcome scores, ROM, and return to play, although the data precluded relative conclusions. Improvement in motion after MFX ranged from 4.9° to 5° of flexion, 5° to 22.6° of extension, 1° to 2° of pronation, and 0.5° to 2° of supination, whereas after AD, it ranged from -4° to 6° of flexion and -0.4° to 14° of extension, with prono-supination noted in only 1 study. The rate of return to play at a similar level of preinjury athletic competition ranged from 55% to 75% after MFX and from 40% to 100% after AD. Lesion location was discussed in only 1 study. Postoperative imaging trended toward early degenerative changes, most commonly of the radial head. Complications were only reported in 1 MFX study; in all cases, the complication was transient ulnar nerve neurapraxia. Reoperation rates ranged from 0% to 10%, and reoperation was most commonly performed to address radial head enlargement. Five studies reported no reoperations.ConclusionsBoth AD and MFX for capitellar OCD appear to yield excellent improvements in pain, ROM, patient outcome scores, and return to sport. Given that comparable mid-term outcomes can be achieved with debridement alone, without the use of MFX, similarly to recent prospective studies in the knee, AD alone may be a reasonable approach to relatively small OCD defects.Level of evidenceLevel IV, systematic review of studies, all Level IV evidence.

Project description:Background and hypothesisIt is generally considered that fragment fixation with bone pegs (FFBP) for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humeral capitellum can be indicated for stages I and II according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) classification of OCD and it is difficult to obtain complete bone union for advanced lesions. However, the clinical and radiologic results of FFBP with cancellous bone graft for ICRS-OCD stage III with lateral wall involvement have not been described in detail. Good bone union can be achieved with the lateral wall fragment of the capitellum by FFBP in combination with refreshing the sclerotic surface at the base of the lesion and cancellous bone grafting even in ICRS-OCD stage III lesions.MethodsIn total, 10 adolescent baseball players with a diagnosis of OCD, a median age of 13.5 years at the time of surgery, and 26.7 months of postoperative follow-up were included. Preoperative imaging showed that all patients had lesions in the late detached stage and of the lateral-widespread type based on the site of the focal lesion. The intraoperative ICRS-OCD classification was stage III. We aimed to preserve and fix the lateral wall fragment with cancellous bone grafting if the condition of the articular cartilage was good and the size and thickness of the segment could withstand fixation.ResultsBone union of the lateral wall fragment was achieved in all cases. The elbow extension range of motion was -3.9° ± 9.7° before surgery and was eventually -0.4° ± 6.7° at the final assessment. Flexion range of motion ranged from 138.1° ± 10.5° to 142.4° ± 6.2°. The Timmerman and Andrews score significantly improved from 165.5 ± 10.9 points before surgery to 197.0 ± 6.3 points after surgery, demonstrating excellent results in all patients. All patients were able to return to competitive baseball.ConclusionThe radiographic and clinical outcomes of FFBP for lateral wall fragments with cancellous bone graft were satisfactory, showing that the indications for this procedure could be extended to ICRS-OCD stage III.

Dataset Information

Arthroscopic Microfracture for Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Capitellum.

Publications

Arthroscopic Microfracture for Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Capitellum.

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