Dataset Information

Regional incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest associated with overdose.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The frequency of lethal overdose due to prescription and non-prescription drugs is increasing in North America. The aim of this study was to estimate overall and regional variation in incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to overdose across North America.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using case data for the period 2006-2010 from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium, a clinical research network with 10 regional clinical centers in United States and Canada. Cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drug overdose were identified through review of data derived from prehospital clinical records. We calculated incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to overdose per 100,000 person-years and proportion of the same among all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. We analyzed the association between overdose cardiac arrest etiology and resuscitation outcomes.

Results

Included were 56,272 cases, of which 1351 were due to overdose. Regional incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to overdose varied between 0.5 and 2.7 per 100,000 person years (p<0.001), and proportion of the same among all treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests ranged from 0.8% to 4.0%. Overdose cases were younger, less likely to be witnessed, and less likely to present with a shockable rhythm. Compared to non-overdose, overdose was directly associated with return of spontaneous circulation (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.35-1.78) and survival (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.72-2.65).

Conclusions

Overdose made up 2.4% of all out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, although incidence varied up to 5-fold across regions. Overdose cases were more likely to survive than non-overdose cases.

SUBMITTER: Salcido DD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5027610 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Regional incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest associated with overdose.

Salcido David D DD Torres Cesar C Koller Allison C AC Orkin Aaron M AM Schmicker Robert H RH Morrison Laurie J LJ Nichol Graham G Stephens Shannon S Menegazzi James J JJ

Resuscitation 20151127

<h4>Background</h4>The frequency of lethal overdose due to prescription and non-prescription drugs is increasing in North America. The aim of this study was to estimate overall and regional variation in incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to overdose across North America.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using case data for the period 2006-2010 from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium, a clinical research network with 10 regional clinical center ...[more]

PMID: 26640233

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Project description:ImportanceDrug overdose (OD) is a public health challenge and an important cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Existing studies evaluating OD-related OHCA (OD-OHCA) either aggregate all drugs or focus on opioids. The epidemiology, presentation, and outcomes of drug-specific OHCA are largely unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the temporal pattern, clinical presentation, care, and outcomes of adult patients with OHCA overall and according to the drug-specific profile.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study of adults with OHCA in King County Washington was conducted between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2021. Etiology of OHCA was determined using emergency medical service, hospital, and medical examiner records. Etiology was classified as non-OD OHCA or OD-OHCA, with drug-specific profiles categorized as (1) opioid without stimulant, (2) stimulant without opioid, (3) opioid and stimulant, or (4) all other nonstimulant, nonopioid drugs. Statistical analysis was performed on July 1, 2023.ExposureOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. The secondary outcome was survival with favorable functional status defined by Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2 based on review of the hospital record.ResultsIn this cohort study, there were 6790 adult patients with emergency medical services-treated OHCA from a US metropolitan system. During the 7-year study period, there were 702 patients with OD-OHCA (median age, 41 years [IQR, 29-53 years]; 64% male [n = 450] and 36% female [n = 252]) and 6088 patients with non-OD OHCA (median age, 66 years [IQR, 56-77 years]; 65% male [n = 3944] and 35% female [n = 2144]). The incidence of OD-OHCA increased from 5.2 (95% CI, 3.8-6.6) per 100 000 person-years in 2015 to 13.0 (95% CI, 10.9-15.1) per 100 000 person-years in 2021 (P < .001 for trend), whereas there was no significant temporal change in the incidence of non-OD OHCA (P = .30). OD-OHCA were more likely to be unwitnessed (66% [460 of 702] vs 41% [2515 of 6088]) and less likely to be shockable (8% [56 of 702] vs 25% [1529 of 6088]) compared with non-OD OHCA. Unadjusted survival was not different (20% [138 of 702] for OD vs 18% [1095 of 6088] for non-OD). When stratified by drug profile, combined opioid-stimulant OHCA demonstrated the greatest relative increase in incidence. Presentation and outcomes differed by drug profile. Patients with stimulant-only OHCA were more likely to have a shockable rhythm (24% [31 of 129]) compared with patients with opioid-only OHCA (4% [11 of 295]) or patients with combined stimulant-opioid OHCA 5% [10 of 205]), and they were more likely to have a witnessed arrest (50% [64 of 129]) compared with patients with OHCA due to other drugs (19% [14 of 73]) or patients with combined stimulant-opioid OHCA (23% [48 of 205]). Patients with a combined opioid-stimulant OHCA had the lowest survival to hospital discharge (10% [21 of 205]) compared with patients with stimulant-only OHCA (22% [29 of 129]) or patients with OHCA due to other drugs (26% [19 of 73]), a difference that persisted after multivariable adjustment.Conclusions and relevanceIn a population-based cohort study, the incidence of OD-OHCA increased significantly from 2015 to 2021, with the greatest increase observed among patients with a combined stimulant-opioid OHCA. Presentation and outcome differed according to the drug-specific profile. The combination of increasing incidence and lower survival among among patients with a opioid-stimulant OHCA supports prevention and treatment initiatives that consider the drug-specific profile.

Project description:Background: Early prognostication is a major challenge after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Aims: We hypothesized that a genome-wide analysis of blood gene expression could offer new prognostic tools and lines of research. Methods: Sixty-nine patients were enrolled from an ancillary study of the clinical trial NCT00999583 that tested the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) after OHCA. Blood samples were collected in comatose survivors of OHCA at hospital admission and 1 and 3 days after resuscitation. Gene expression profiles were analyzed (Illumina HumanHT-12 V4 BeadChip; >34,000 genes). Patients were classified into two categories representing neurologically favorable outcome (Cerebral Performance Category [CPC] = 1-2) vs unfavorable outcome (CPC>2) at Day 60 after OHCA. Differential and functional enrichment analyses were performed to compare transcriptomic profiles between these two categories. Results: Among the 69 enrolled patients, 33 and 36 patients were treated or not by EPO, respectively. Among them, 42% had a favorable neurological outcome in both groups. EPO did not affect the transcriptomic response at Day-0 and 1 after OHCA. In contrast, 76 transcripts differed at Day-0 between patients with unfavorable vs favorable neurological outcome. This signature persisted at Day-1 after OHCA. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a down-regulation of adaptive immunity with concomitant up-regulation of innate immunity and inflammation in patients with unfavorable vs favorable neurological outcome. The transcription of many genes of the HLA family was decreased in patients with unfavorable vs favorable neurological outcome. Concomitantly, neutrophil activation and inflammation were observed. Up-stream regulators analysis showed the implication of numerous factors involved in cell cycle and damages. A logistic regression including a set of genes allowed a reliable prediction of the clinical outcomes (Specificity=88%; Hit Rate=83%). Conclusions: A transcriptomic signature involving a counterbalance between adaptive and innate immune responses is able to predict neurological outcome very early after hospital admission after OHCA. This deserves confirmation in a larger population.

Project description:To analyze functional performance measures collected prospectively during the conduct of a clinical trial that enrolled children (up to age 18 yr old), resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, who were at high risk of poor outcomes.Children with Glasgow Motor Scale score less than 5, within 6 hours of resuscitation, were enrolled in a clinical trial that compared two targeted temperature management interventions (THAPCA-OH, NCT00878644). The primary outcome, 12-month survival with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition, score greater or equal to 70, did not differ between groups.Thirty-eight North American PICUs.Two hundred ninety-five children were enrolled; 270 of 295 had baseline Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition, scores greater or equal to 70; 87 of 270 survived 1 year.Targeted temperatures were 33.0°C and 36.8°C for hypothermia and normothermia groups.Baseline measures included Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition, Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category, and Pediatric Overall Performance Category. Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category and Pediatric Overall Performance Category were rescored at hospital discharges; all three were scored at 3 and 12 months. In survivors with baseline Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition scores greater or equal to 70, we evaluated relationships of hospital discharge Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category with 3- and 12-month scores and between 3- and 12-month Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition, scores. Hospital discharge Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category scores strongly predicted 3- and 12-month Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (r = 0.82 and 0.79; p < 0.0001) and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition, scores (r = -0.81 and -0.77; p < 0.0001). Three-month Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition, scores strongly predicted 12-month performance (r = 0.95; p < 0.0001). Hypothermia treatment did not alter these relationships.In comatose children, with Glasgow Motor Scale score less than 5 in the initial hours after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation, function scores at hospital discharge and at 3 months predicted 12-month performance well in the majority of survivors.

Project description:Cerebral protection against secondary hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a key priority area in post-resuscitation intensive care management in survivors of cardiac arrest. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the incidence, diagnosis and its' impact on neurological outcome remains undetermined. The aim of this study was to evaluate jugular bulb oximetry as a potential monitoring modality to detect the incidences of desaturation episodes during post-cardiac arrest intensive care management and to evaluate their subsequent impact on neurological outcome. We conducted a prospective, observational study in unconscious adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit who had successful resuscitation following out of hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac causes. All the patients were treated as per European Resuscitation Council 2015 guidelines and they received jugular bulb catheter. Jugular bulb oximetry measurements were performed at six hourly intervals. The neurological outcomes were evaluated on 90th day after the cardiac arrest by cerebral performance categories scale. Forty patients met the eligibility criteria. Measurements of jugular venous oxygen saturation were performed for 438 times. Altogether, we found 2 incidences of jugular bulb oxygen saturation less than 50% (2/438; 0.46%), and 4 incidences when it was less than 55% (4/438; 0.91%). The study detected an association between SjVO2 and CO2 (r = 0.26), each 1 kPa increase in CO2 led to an increase in SjvO2 by 3.4% + / - 0.67 (p < 0.0001). There was no association between SjvO2 and PaO2 or SjvO2 and MAP. We observed a statistically significant higher mean SjvO2 (8.82% + / - 2.05, p < 0.0001) in unfavorable outcome group. The episodes of brain hypoxia detected by jugular bulb oxygen saturation were rare during post-resuscitation intensive care management in out of hospital cardiac arrest patients. Therefore, this modality of monitoring may not yield any additional information towards prevention of secondary hypoxic ischemic brain injury in post cardiac arrest survivors. Other factors contributing towards high jugular venous saturation needs to be considered.

Project description:IntroductionData on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is limited in Italy, and there has never been a comprehensive systematic appraisal of the available evidence. Therefore, this review aims to explore the incidence, characteristics, and outcome of OHCA in Italy.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and conference proceedings up to September 23, 2022. Studies investigating OHCA in Italy and reporting at least one outcome related to cardiac arrest were considered eligible. The primary outcome was survival at the longest follow-up available. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. A random-effects model proportion meta-analysis was performed to calculate the pooled outcomes with 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsWe included 42 studies (43,042 patients) from 13 of the 20 Italian regions published between 1995 and 2022. Only five studies were deemed to be at low risk of bias. The overall average incidences of OHCA attended by emergency medical services and with resuscitation attempted were 86 (range: 10-190) and 55 (range: 6-108) per 100,000 populations per year, respectively. Survival at the longest follow-up available was 9.0% (95% CI, 6.7-12%; 30 studies and 15,195 patients) in the overall population, 25% (95% CI, 21-30%; 16 studies and 2,863 patients) among patients with shockable rhythms, 28% (95% CI, 20-37%; 8 studies and 1,292 patients) among the Utstein comparator group. Favourable neurological outcome was 5.0% (95% CI, 3.6-6.6%; 16 studies and 9,675 patients). Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 19% (95% CI, 16-23%; 40 studies and 30,875 patients) of cases. Bystanders initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 26% (95% CI, 21-32%; 33 studies and 23,491 patients) of cases but only in 3.2% (95% CI, 1.9-4.9%; 9 studies and 8,508 patients) with an automated external defibrillator. The mean response time was 10.2 (95% CI, 8.9-11.4; 25 studies and 23,997 patients) minutes.ConclusionsSurvival after OHCA in Italy occurred in one of every ten patients. Bystanders initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation in only one-third of cases, rarely with a defibrillator. Different areas of the country collected data, but an essential part of the population was not included. There was high heterogeneity and large variation in outcomes results and reporting, limiting the confidence in the estimates of incidence and outcome. Creating and maintaining a nationwide registry is a priority.

Dataset Information

Regional incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest associated with overdose.

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Regional incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest associated with overdose.

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