Pectins, Endopolygalacturonases, and Bioenergy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Latarullo MB
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5028389 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Homogalacturonan (HG)-type pectins are nutrient components in plants and are widely used in the food industry. The methyl-esterification pattern is a crucial structural parameter used to assess HG pectins in terms of their nutraceutical activity. To better understand the methyl-esterification pattern of natural HG pectins from different plants, we purified twenty HG pectin-rich fractions from twelve plants and classified them by their monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) signatures, and NMR analysis. FT-IR shows that these HG pectins are all minimally esterified, with the degree of methyl-esterification (DM) being 5 to 40%. To examine their methyl-esterification pattern by enzymatic fingerprinting, we hydrolyzed the HG pectins using endo-polygalacturonase. Hydrolyzed oligomers were derivatized with 2-aminobenzamide and subjected to liquid chromatography-fluorescence-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-FLR-MSn). Twenty-one types of mono-/oligo-galacturonides having DP values of 1-10 were found to contain nonesterified monomers, dimers, and trimers, as well as oligomers with 1 to 6 methyl-ester groups. In these oligo-galacturonides, MSn analysis demonstrated that the number of methyl-ester groups in the continuous sequence was 2 to 5. Mono- and di-esterified oligomers had higher percentages in total methyl-esterified groups, suggesting that these are a random methyl-esterification pattern in these HG pectins. Our study analyzes the characteristics of the methyl-esterification pattern in naturally occurring plant-derived HG pectins and findings that will be useful for further studying HG structure-function relationships.
| S-EPMC9330511 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. The patterns of incorporation of radioactivity from d-[U-(14)C]glucose into the pectic components of sections of sycamore roots changed so that sections nearer the tip incorporated relatively more label into arabinose and galactose compared with uronic acid. 2. Radioactive maize root-cap slime was prepared and found to contain three water-soluble component polymers which were electrophoretically (i) neutral, (ii) weakly acidic and (iii) strongly acidic at pH6.5. The neutral component was a glucan. The other components, which could be degraded by trans-elimination, consisted of an acidic backbone chain composed of galacturonic acid and glucose, attached to which were different proportions of neutral sugars. Arabinose, galactose and fucose, the main neutral sugars of the weakly and strongly acidic materials, were absent from the neutral fraction. 3. Fucose was a major sugar in maize-root slime and in a slime of similar composition synthesized by a maize callus of shoot origin. Only trace amounts were found in sycamore, pea and wheat root tips, and in pectin prepared from maize roots and coleoptiles. A high proportion of fucose is therefore a chemical characteristic of maize slime, and slime synthesis indicated a state of differentiation of the tissue. 4. The similarity between the slime and pectin is discussed; slime is a form of pectin modified in such a way as to provide a hydrated protective coating around the root tip.
| S-EPMC1166317 | biostudies-other
Project description:Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).[...].
| S-EPMC7287678 | biostudies-literature
Project description:All energy scenarios show a shift toward an increased percentage of renewable energy sources, including biomass. This study gives an overview of water footprints (WFs) of bioenergy from 12 crops that currently contribute the most to global agricultural production: barley, cassava, maize, potato, rapeseed, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugar cane, and wheat. In addition, this study includes jatropha, a suitable energy crop. Since climate and production circumstances differ among regions, calculations have been performed by country. The WF of bioelectricity is smaller than that of biofuels because it is more efficient to use total biomass (e.g., for electricity or heat) than a fraction of the crop (its sugar, starch, or oil content) for biofuel. The WF of bioethanol appears to be smaller than that of biodiesel. For electricity, sugar beet, maize, and sugar cane are the most favorable crops [50 m(3)/gigajoule (GJ)]. Rapeseed and jatropha, typical energy crops, are disadvantageous (400 m(3)/GJ). For ethanol, sugar beet, and potato (60 and 100 m(3)/GJ) are the most advantageous, followed by sugar cane (110 m(3)/GJ); sorghum (400 m(3)/GJ) is the most unfavorable. For biodiesel, soybean and rapeseed show to be the most favorable WF (400 m(3)/GJ); jatropha has an adverse WF (600 m(3)/GJ). When expressed per L, the WF ranges from 1,400 to 20,000 L of water per L of biofuel. If a shift toward a greater contribution of bioenergy to energy supply takes place, the results of this study can be used to select the crops and countries that produce bioenergy in the most water-efficient way.
| S-EPMC2690604 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Short rotation plantations are often considered as holding vast potentials for future global bioenergy supply. In contrast to raising biomass harvests in forests, purpose-grown biomass does not interfere with forest carbon (C) stocks. Provided that agricultural land can be diverted from food and feed production without impairing food security, energy plantations on current agricultural land appear as a beneficial option in terms of renewable, climate-friendly energy supply. However, instead of supporting energy plantations, land could also be devoted to natural succession. It then acts as a long-term C sink which also results in C benefits. We here compare the sink strength of natural succession on arable land with the C saving effects of bioenergy from plantations. Using geographically explicit data on global cropland distribution among climate and ecological zones, regionally specific C accumulation rates are calculated with IPCC default methods and values. C savings from bioenergy are given for a range of displacement factors (DFs), acknowledging the varying efficiency of bioenergy routes and technologies in fossil fuel displacement. A uniform spatial pattern is assumed for succession and bioenergy plantations, and the considered timeframes range from 20 to 100 years. For many parameter settings-in particular, longer timeframes and high DFs-bioenergy yields higher cumulative C savings than natural succession. Still, if woody biomass displaces liquid transport fuels or natural gas-based electricity generation, natural succession is competitive or even superior for timeframes of 20-50 years. This finding has strong implications with climate and environmental policies: Freeing land for natural succession is a worthwhile low-cost natural climate solution that has many co-benefits for biodiversity and other ecosystem services. A considerable risk, however, is C stock losses (i.e., emissions) due to disturbances or land conversion at a later time.
| S-EPMC6852302 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Microalgae have increasingly gained research interest as a source of lipids for biodiesel production. The wet way processing of harvested microalgae was suggested and evaluated with respect to the possible environmental impacts and production costs. This study is focused on the three key steps of the suggested process: flocculation, water recycling, and extraction of lipids. Microalgae strains with high content of lipids were chosen for cultivation and subsequent treatment process. Ammonium hydroxide was tested as the flocculation agent and its efficiency was compared with chitosan. Determined optimal flocculation conditions for ammonium hydroxide enable the water recycling for the recurring microalgae growth, which was verified for the use of 30, 50, and 80% recycled water. For extraction of the wet microalgae hexane, hexane/ethanol and comparative chloroform/methanol systems were applied. The efficiency of hexane/ethanol extraction system was found as comparable with chloroform/methanol system and it seems to be promising owing to its low volatility and toxicity and mainly the low cost.
| S-EPMC4427124 | biostudies-other
Project description:The use of plant biomass is a sustainable alternative to the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Agricultural residues are interesting bioenergy feedstocks because they do not compete with food and add extra value to the crop, which might help to manage these residues in many regions. Breeding crops for dual production of food and bioenergy has been reported previously, but the ideal plant features are different when lignocellulosic residues are burnt for heat or electricity, or fermented for biofuel production. Stover moisture is one of the most important traits in the management of agricultural waste for bioenergy production which can be modified by genetic improvement. A delayed leaf senescence or the stay-green characteristic contributes to higher grain and biomass yield in standard, low nutrient, and drought-prone environments. In addition, the stay-green trait could be favorable for the development of dual purpose varieties because this trait could be associated with a reduction in biomass losses and lodging. On the other hand, the stay-green trait could be detrimental for the management of agricultural waste if it is associated with higher stover moisture at harvest, although this hypothesis has been insufficiently tested. In this paper, a review of traits relevant to the development of dual purpose varieties is presented with particular emphasis on stover moisture and stay-green, because less attention has been paid to these important traits in the literature. The possibility of developing new varieties for combined production is discussed from a breeding perspective.
| S-EPMC5509081 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND: Pectins are diverse and very complex biomolecules and their structure depends on the plant species and tissue. It was previously shown that derivatives of pectic polymers and oligosaccharides from pectins have positive effects on human health. To obtain specific pectic oligosaccharides, highly defined enzymatic mixes are required. Filamentous fungi are specialized in plant cell wall degradation and some produce a broad range of pectinases. They may therefore shed light on the enzyme mixes needed for partial hydrolysis. RESULTS: The growth profiles of 12 fungi on four pectins and four structural elements of pectins show that the presence/absence of pectinolytic genes in the fungal genome clearly correlates with their ability to degrade pectins. However, this correlation is less clear when we zoom in to the pectic structural elements. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the complexity of the mechanisms involved in fungal degradation of complex carbon sources such as pectins. Mining genomes and comparative genomics are promising first steps towards the production of specific pectinolytic fractions.
| S-EPMC3460790 | biostudies-other
Project description:Bioenergy has the potential to substitute the current demand for fossil fuels in various applications. Recovering energy from bio-based materials due to environmental considerations has been adopted as a policy objective by governments and international organizations, which led to both vast financial investment and scientific research, especially in the last two decades. So far, various feedstocks and technologies have been scrutinised by the research community, although not all of them are commercially adopted due to sustainability considerations. This study employs scientometric analysis to survey the progress of scientific development in the field of bioenergy from 1966 to 2022, using ten parameters including publication year, type of document, categories, countries, affiliations, document citations, co-authorship, author citation networks, journal citation networks, and keywords. A total of 51,905 scientific documents were collected from the Web of Science, involving more than 96,000 authors from 162 countries. The dispersion of studies followed an ascending distribution with a sharp increase in the second half of the 2000s. The evolution of keywords in terms of burst strength confirmed the advancements of technologies from primary first-generation to advanced fourth-generation bioenergies. Based on the evolution of science in this area, it is concluded that integrated sustainability assessment studies, covering technical, economical, environmental, and social aspects, are needed to bridge the gap between abundant theoretical endeavours and limited commercial use of this energy source.
| S-EPMC10559684 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Quercus suber (cork oak) is a dominant tree of the Fagaceae in forests of the south-west Iberian Peninsula. It is monoecious with a long progamic phase that provides a comprehensive system for comparative studies in development and sexual reproduction. In this study the distribution of arabinogalactan protein (AGPs) and pectin epitopes in anthers of Q. suber was assessed to map these hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and the galacturonate-rich acidic polysaccharides during pollen development. Methods Immunolocalization in male flowers was performed with a set of monoclonal antibodies directed against the carbohydrate moiety that recognizes AGPs and pectins. To identify AGP genes involved in cork oak male flower development, a search was conducted for annotated AGP genes in the available transcriptome data of the Cork Oak EST Consortium database (www.corkoakdb.org).Ubiquitous labelling in all cell types was obtained with anti-homogalacturan antibodies for methyl-esterified pectins. In contrast, the antibody that labelled non-methyl-esterified homogalacturans had a preferential presence in microsporocyte cells walls at the beginning of pollen development. Intense labelling was obtained with anti-AGP antibodies both in the tapetum and in the intine wall near the pollen apertures and later in the generative cell wall and vegetative cell. Evaluation of the putative AGPs highly expressed in the male gametophyte was achieved by quantitative RT-PCR analysis in male and female cork oak flowers.Four putative AGP genes were identified that are preferentially expressed in the male flower compared with the female flower. The putative Arabidopsis thaliana orthologues of these genes are associated with preferential expression in pollen, suggesting that the AGPs probably play a significant role in cork oak reproduction.
| S-EPMC4284116 | biostudies-literature