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A new frontier in CO₂ flux measurements using a highly portable DIAL laser system.

ABSTRACT: Volcanic CO₂ emissions play a key role in the geological carbon cycle, and monitoring of volcanic CO₂ fluxes helps to forecast eruptions. The quantification of CO₂ fluxes is challenging due to rapid dilution of magmatic CO₂ in CO₂-rich ambient air and the diffuse nature of many emissions, leading to large uncertainties in the global magmatic CO₂ flux inventory. Here, we report measurements using a new DIAL laser remote sensing system for volcanic CO₂ (CO₂DIAL). Two sites in the volcanic zone of Campi Flegrei (Italy) were scanned, yielding CO₂ path-amount profiles used to compute fluxes. Our results reveal a relatively high CO₂ flux from Campi Flegrei, consistent with an increasing trend. Unlike previous methods, the CO₂DIAL is able to measure integrated CO₂ path-amounts at distances up to 2000 m using virtually any solid surface as a reflector, whilst also being highly portable. This opens a new frontier in quantification of geological and anthropogenic CO₂ fluxes.

SUBMITTER: Queiβer M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5031984 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A new frontier in CO2 flux measurements using a highly portable DIAL laser system.

Queiβer Manuel M Granieri Domenico D Burton Mike M

Scientific reports 20160922

Volcanic CO2 emissions play a key role in the geological carbon cycle, and monitoring of volcanic CO2 fluxes helps to forecast eruptions. The quantification of CO2 fluxes is challenging due to rapid dilution of magmatic CO2 in CO2-rich ambient air and the diffuse nature of many emissions, leading to large uncertainties in the global magmatic CO2 flux inventory. Here, we report measurements using a new DIAL laser remote sensing sys ...[more]

PMID: 27652775

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Project description:Separating the components of ecosystem-scale carbon exchange is crucial in order to develop better models and future predictions of the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, there are several uncertainties and unknowns related to current photosynthesis estimates. In this study, we evaluate four different methods for estimating photosynthesis at a boreal forest at the ecosystem scale, of which two are based on carbon dioxide (CO2) flux measurements and two on carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements. The CO2-based methods use traditional flux partitioning and artificial neural networks to separate the net CO2 flux into respiration and photosynthesis. The COS-based methods make use of a unique 5-year COS flux data set and involve two different approaches to determine the leaf-scale relative uptake ratio of COS and CO2 (LRU), of which one (LRUCAP) was developed in this study. LRUCAP was based on a previously tested stomatal optimization theory (CAP), while LRUPAR was based on an empirical relation to measured radiation. For the measurement period 2013-2017, the artificial neural network method gave a GPP estimate very close to that of traditional flux partitioning at all timescales. On average, the COS-based methods gave higher GPP estimates than the CO2-based estimates on daily (23% and 7% higher, using LRUPAR and LRUCAP, respectively) and monthly scales (20% and 3% higher), as well as a higher cumulative sum over 3 months in all years (on average 25% and 3% higher). LRUCAP was higher than LRU estimated from chamber measurements at high radiation, leading to underestimation of midday GPP relative to other GPP methods. In general, however, use of LRUCAP gave closer agreement with CO2-based estimates of GPP than use of LRUPAR. When extended to other sites, LRUCAP may be more robust than LRUPAR because it is based on a physiological model whose parameters can be estimated from simple measurements or obtained from the literature. In contrast, the empirical radiation relation in LRUPAR may be more site-specific. However, this requires further testing at other measurement sites.

Project description:Introduction: Surgery for chronic anal fissure is challenging for every proctologist. Solving the pain by guaranteeing rapid and effective healing is the objective, but what is the price to pay today in functional terms? Though this result is nowadays partially achievable through interventions that include the execution of an internal sphincterotomy among the procedures, it is necessary to underline the high rate of patients who can present faecal incontinence. The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of scanner-assisted CO2 laser fissurectomy. Methods: From April 2021 to September 2021, all consecutive patients who affected by chronic anal fissure suitable for surgery, meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were evaluated. All planned data were recorded before surgery, then at 24 h, 1 week, and 1 month follow-up. A scanner-assisted CO2 laser was used in this study to achieve a smooth and dried wound with a minimal tissue thermal damage, to ensure good postsurgical pain control, rapid and functional, elastic and stable healing, and to prevent potential relapses. Paracetamol 1 g every 8 h was prescribed for the first 24 h and then continued according to each patient's need. Ketorolac 15 mg was prescribed as rescue. Results: Mean pain intensity ≤3, considered as the principal endpoint, was recorded in 26 out of the 29 patients who enrolled in the study with a final success rate of 89.7% at 1-month follow-up. Pain and anal itching showed a statistically significant reduction while bleeding, burning, and maximum pain, and REALIS score showed a reduction too at the end of the follow-up period. Reepithelisation proved to be extremely fast and effective: 22 of 29 (75.9%) showed a complete healing and 5 showed a partial reepithelisation at 1-month follow-up. Discussion: Outcomes of this study showed that it is undoubtedly necessary to change the surgical approach in case of anal fissure. The internal sphincterotomy procedure must be most of all questioned, where the availability of cutting-edge technological tools must be avoided and offered only in selected cases. Scanner-assisted CO2 laser showed great results in terms of pain control and wound healing, secondary to an extremely precise ablation, vaporisation, and debridement procedures with minimal lateral thermal damage.

Dataset Information

A new frontier in CO₂ flux measurements using a highly portable DIAL laser system.

Publications

A new frontier in CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements using a highly portable DIAL laser system.

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