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GDF11 decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation.

ABSTRACT: Osteoporosis is an age-related disease that affects millions of people. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a secreted member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?) superfamily. Deletion of Gdf11 has been shown to result in a skeletal anterior-posterior patterning disorder. Here we show a role for GDF11 in bone remodelling. GDF11 treatment leads to bone loss in both young and aged mice. GDF11 inhibits osteoblast differentiation and also stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through Smad2/3 and c-Fos-dependent induction of Nfatc1. Injection of GDF11 impairs bone regeneration in mice and blocking GDF11 function prevents oestrogen-deficiency-induced bone loss and ameliorates age-related osteoporosis. Our data demonstrate that GDF11 is a previously unrecognized regulator of bone remodelling and suggest that GDF11 is a potential target for treatment of osteoporosis.

SUBMITTER: Liu W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5036163 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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GDF11 decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation.

Liu Weiqing W Zhou Liyan L Zhou Chenchen C Zhang Shiwen S Jing Junjun J Xie Liang L Sun Ningyuan N Duan Xiaobo X Jing Wei W Liang Xing X Zhao Hu H Ye Ling L Chen Qianming Q Yuan Quan Q

Nature communications 20160922

Osteoporosis is an age-related disease that affects millions of people. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a secreted member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. Deletion of Gdf11 has been shown to result in a skeletal anterior-posterior patterning disorder. Here we show a role for GDF11 in bone remodelling. GDF11 treatment leads to bone loss in both young and aged mice. GDF11 inhibits osteoblast differentiation and also stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis ...[more]

PMID: 27653144

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Project description:CD74 is a type II transmembrane protein that can act as a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and plays a role in MIF-regulated responses. We reported that MIF inhibited osteoclast formation and MIF knockout (KO) mice had decreased bone mass. We therefore examined if CD74 was involved in the ability of MIF to alter osteoclastogenesis in cultured bone marrow (BM) from wild-type (WT) and CD74-deficient (KO) male mice. We also measured the bone phenotype of CD74 KO male mice. Bone mass in the femur of 8-week-old mice was measured by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry. Bone marrow cells from CD74 KO mice formed 15% more osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-?B ligand (RANKL) (both at 30?ng/mL) compared to WT. Addition of MIF to WT cultures inhibited OCL formation by 16% but had no effect on CD74KO cultures. The number of colony forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) in the bone marrow of CD74 KO mice was 26% greater than in WT controls. Trabecular bone volume (TBV) in the femurs of CD74 KO male mice was decreased by 26% compared to WT. In addition, cortical area and thickness were decreased by 14% and 11%, respectively. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)(+) osteoclast number and area were significantly increased in CD74 KO by 35% and 43%, respectively compared to WT. Finally, we examined the effect of MIF on RANKL-induced-signaling pathways in bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cultures. MIF treatment decreased RANKL-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos protein in BMM cultures by 70% and 41%, respectively. Our data demonstrate that CD74 is required for MIF to affect in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Further, the bone phenotype of CD74 KO mice is similar to that of MIF KO mice. MIF treatment of WT cultures suppressed RANKL-induced activator protein 1 (AP-1) expression, which resulted in decreased osteoclast differentiation in vitro. We propose that CD74 plays a critical role in the MIF inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.

Project description:The authors' previous study demonstrated that miR?128 may exert an inhibitory effect on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow?derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM?MSCs), but its downstream mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microRNA (miRNA/miR) and mRNA profiles of differentiated and undifferentiated BM?MSCs and explore new downstream targets for miR?128. The sequencing datasets of GSE107279 (miRNA) and GSE112318 (mRNA) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and genes (DEGs) were identified using the DESeq2 method. The target genes of DEMs were predicted by the miRwalk 2.0 database. The hub target genes of miR?128 were screened by constructing the protein?protein interaction (PPI) network and module analysis. The expression levels of miR?128 and crucial target genes were validated by reverse transcription?quantitative (RT?q) PCR before or after transfection of miR?128 mimics to BM?MSCs. The miRNA expression profile analysis identified miR?128 as one of the significantly downregulated DEMs (total 338) in differentiated BM?MSCs compared with the undifferentiated control. A total of 103 predicted target genes of miR?128?3p were overlapped with upregulated DEGs. By calculating the topological properties of each protein in the PPI network, 6 upregulated genes (KIT, NTRK2, YWHAB, GAB1, AXIN1 and RUNX1; fold change was the highest for NTRK2) were considered to be hub genes. Of these, 4 were enriched in module 4 (RUNX1, KIT, GAB1 and AXIN1; RUNX1 was particularly crucial as it can interact with the others), while one was enriched in module 7 (YWHAB). The expression levels of miR?128 and these 6 target genes during the osteogenic differentiation were experimentally confirmed by RT?qPCR. In addition, the expression levels of these 6 genes were significantly reversed after transfection of miR?128?3p mimics into rat BM?MSCs compared with the miR?control group. These findings indicated that miR?128?3p may inhibit the osteoblast differentiation of BM?MSCs by downregulation of these 6 genes, particularly RUNX1, YWHAB and NTRK2.

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GDF11 decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation.

Publications

GDF11 decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation.

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