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Clinical evaluation of glutathione concentrations after consumption of milk containing different subtypes of ?-casein: results from a randomized, cross-over clinical trial.

ABSTRACT: This study reports the plasma glutathione concentrations in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, 2?×?2 cross-over study in which healthy participants consumed conventional milk (2?×?250 mL per day) containing both A1 and A2 types of ?-casein, or milk containing only A2 type ?-casein. Beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), a peptide uniquely derived from the A1 type of ?-casein, was previously reported to downregulate glutathione expression in human gut epithelial and neuronal cell lines by limiting cysteine uptake. The current human study demonstrates that consumption of milk containing only A2 ?-casein was associated with a greater increase in plasma glutathione concentrations compared with the consumption of milk containing both ?-casein types, and did not increase plasma BCM-7 concentrations compared with the washout diet in the study participants. Thus, milk containing only A2 ?-casein and not A1 ?-casein has the potential to promote the production of the antioxidant glutathione in humans.ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT02406469.

SUBMITTER: Deth R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5041571 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Clinical evaluation of glutathione concentrations after consumption of milk containing different subtypes of β-casein: results from a randomized, cross-over clinical trial.

Deth Richard R Clarke Andrew A Ni Jiayi J Trivedi Malav M

Nutrition journal 20160929 1

This study reports the plasma glutathione concentrations in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, 2 × 2 cross-over study in which healthy participants consumed conventional milk (2 × 250 mL per day) containing both A1 and A2 types of β-casein, or milk containing only A2 type β-casein. Beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), a peptide uniquely derived from the A1 type of β-casein, was previously reported to downregulate glutathione expression in human gut epithelial and neuronal cell lines by limiting cyst ...[more]

PMID: 27680716

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Project description:BackgroundCows' milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 β-casein with those of milk containing only A2 β-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance.MethodsForty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 × 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both β-casein types or milk containing only A2 β-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events.ResultsCompared with milk containing only A2 β-casein, the consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and β-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects.ConclusionsConsumption of milk containing A1 β-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 β-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02406469.

Dataset Information

Clinical evaluation of glutathione concentrations after consumption of milk containing different subtypes of ?-casein: results from a randomized, cross-over clinical trial.

Publications

Clinical evaluation of glutathione concentrations after consumption of milk containing different subtypes of β-casein: results from a randomized, cross-over clinical trial.

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