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Evolution of anatase surface active sites probed by in situ sum-frequency phonon spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT: Surface active sites of crystals often govern their relevant surface chemistry, yet to monitor them in situ in real atmosphere remains a challenge. Using surface-specific sum-frequency spectroscopy, we identified the surface phonon mode associated with the active sites of undercoordinated titanium ions and conjoint oxygen vacancies, and used it to monitor them on anatase (TiO₂) (101) under ambient conditions. In conjunction with theory, we determined related surface structure around the active sites and tracked the evolution of oxygen vacancies under ultraviolet irradiation. We further found that unlike in vacuum, the surface oxygen vacancies, which dominate the surface reactivity, are strongly regulated by ambient gas molecules, including methanol and water, as well as weakly associated species, such as nitrogen and hydrogen. The result revealed a rich interplay between prevailing ambient species and surface reactivity, which can be omnipresent in environmental and catalytic applications of titanium dioxides.

SUBMITTER: Cao Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5045268 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evolution of anatase surface active sites probed by in situ sum-frequency phonon spectroscopy.

Cao Yue Y Chen Shiyou S Li Yadong Y Gao Yi Y Yang Deheng D Shen Yuen Ron YR Liu Wei-Tao WT

Science advances 20160930 9

Surface active sites of crystals often govern their relevant surface chemistry, yet to monitor them in situ in real atmosphere remains a challenge. Using surface-specific sum-frequency spectroscopy, we identified the surface phonon mode associated with the active sites of undercoordinated titanium ions and conjoint oxygen vacancies, and used it to monitor them on anatase (TiO<sub>2</sub>) (101) under ambient conditions. In conjunction with theory, we determined related surface structure around t ...[more]

PMID: 27704049

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Project description:The ability to orient active proteins on surfaces is a critical aspect of many medical technologies. An important related challenge is characterizing protein orientation in these surface films. This study uses a combination of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to characterize the orientation of surface-immobilized Protein G B1, a rigid 6 kDa domain that binds the Fc fragment of IgG. Two Protein G B1 variants with a single cysteine introduced at either end were immobilized via the cysteine thiol onto maleimide-oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized gold and bare gold substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the amount of immobilized protein, and ToF-SIMS was used to measure the amino acid composition of the exposed surface of the protein films and to confirm covalent attachment of protein thiol to the substrate maleimide groups. SFG and NEXAFS were used to characterize the ordering and orientation of peptide or side chain bonds. On both substrates and for both cysteine positions, ToF-SIMS data showed enrichment of mass peaks from amino acids located at the end of the protein opposite to the cysteine surface position as compared with nonspecifically immobilized protein, indicating end-on protein orientations. Orientation on the maleimide substrate was enhanced by increasing pH (7.0-9.5) and salt concentration (0-1.5 M NaCl). SFG spectral peaks characteristic of ordered ?-helix and ?-sheet elements were observed for both variants but not for cysteine-free wild type protein on the maleimide surface. The phase of the ?-helix and ?-sheet peaks indicated a predominantly upright orientation for both variants, consistent with an end-on protein binding configuration. Polarization dependence of the NEXAFS signal from the N 1s to ?* transition of ?-sheet peptide bonds also indicated protein ordering, with an estimated tilt angle of inner ?-strands of 40-50° for both variants (one variant more tilted than the other), consistent with SFG results. The combined results demonstrate the power of using complementary techniques to probe protein orientation on surfaces.

Dataset Information

Evolution of anatase surface active sites probed by in situ sum-frequency phonon spectroscopy.

Publications

Evolution of anatase surface active sites probed by in situ sum-frequency phonon spectroscopy.

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