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Risk factors for renal impairment revealed after unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism.

ABSTRACT: Primary aldosteronism (PA) may induce significant decline of renal function and structural damage of kidney. However, it is difficult to evaluate accurate renal function in patients with PA, because glomerular hyperfiltration and aldosterone escape can conceal renal impairment. In this retrospective cohort study, we compared changes in renal function after unilateral adrenalectomy between patients with PA and patients with other adrenal diseases. Risk factors associated with postoperative renal impairment in patients with PA were analyzed.A total of 558 patients who received unilateral adrenalectomy between January 2002 and June 2013 were included: 136 patients with PA and 422 patients with other adrenal diseases (control). Postoperative serial changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were analyzed in both groups. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors of renal impairment after adrenalectomy in all patients and the PA group. Postoperative renal impairment was defined as postoperative eGFR decline of >25% from preoperative eGFR. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as an eGFR <60?mL/min/1.73?m.There were no differences in preoperative eGFR between groups. The PA group showed a significant decrease in eGFR 3 days, 2 weeks, and 6 months after surgery compared to the control group. The PA group showed significant improvement of hypertension after surgery. In the PA group, 53 (39.0%) patients showed postoperative renal impairment. Multivariate regression analysis identified long-standing hypertension, low body mass index, low serum potassium, and high preoperative eGFR as risk factors for postoperative renal impairment. Among the 89 patients with preoperative eGFR ?60?mL/min/1.73?m, 29 (32.6%) patients developed CKD postoperatively. Age, low serum potassium, low preoperative eGFR, and high serum cholesterol or uric acid were associated with the postoperative CKD development.Our study demonstrates that patients with PA with old age, low serum potassium, long-standing hypertension, and high serum uric acid or cholesterol are at risk of renal impairment after surgical treatment. High preoperative eGFR was also a risk factor for postoperative renal impairment, whereas low preoperative eGFR was a risk factor for postoperative CKD. Close monitoring of renal function and adequate management are required for patients with these risk factors.

SUBMITTER: Kim DH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5058795 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Risk factors for renal impairment revealed after unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism.

Kim Do Hee DH Kwon Hee Jin HJ Ji Sang A SA Jang Hye Ryoun HR Jung Sin-Ho SH Kim Jung-Han JH Kim Jae Hyeon JH Lee Jung Eun JE Huh Wooseong W Kim Yoon-Goo YG Kim Dae Joong DJ Oh Ha Young HY

Medicine 20160701 27

Primary aldosteronism (PA) may induce significant decline of renal function and structural damage of kidney. However, it is difficult to evaluate accurate renal function in patients with PA, because glomerular hyperfiltration and aldosterone escape can conceal renal impairment. In this retrospective cohort study, we compared changes in renal function after unilateral adrenalectomy between patients with PA and patients with other adrenal diseases. Risk factors associated with postoperative renal ...[more]

PMID: 27399066

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Project description:BackgroundAdrenal venous sampling (AVS) is performed to distinguish the subtype of primary aldosteronism (PA). The clinical implication of contralateral suppression (CS; aldosterone/cortisolnondominant<aldosterone/cortisolperipheral) at AVS remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of CS and its impact on postoperative outcomes after unilateral adrenalectomy.MethodsIn this retrospective observational multi-center study, we analyzed PA patients who underwent both successful adrenocorticotropin hormone-stimulated AVS and unilateral adrenalectomy. Successful cannulation was defined as the selectivity index (cortisoladrenal/cortisolperipheral) ≥3. Clinical and biochemical outcomes after unilateral adrenalectomy were evaluated based on the international Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome consensus.ResultsAmong 263 patients analyzed, 247 had CS (93.9%). Patients with CS had lower serum potassium levels, higher plasma aldosterone concentration, higher aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR), and larger adenoma size than those without CS. Those with CS showed significantly higher lateralization index than those without CS (P<0.001). Although postoperative blood pressure and ARR significantly decreased in those with CS, clinical and biochemical outcomes were comparable in both groups. When the cut-off value of age was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, patients aged ≥50 years old with contralateral suppression index (CSI; the ratio between aldosterone/cortisolnondominant and aldosterone/cortisolperipheral) ≤0.26 had greater odds ratio (6.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.30 to 31.69) of incident chronic kidney disease than those aged <50 years with CSI >0.26 after adjusting for other factors.ConclusionCS may not predict postoperative clinical and biochemical outcomes in subjects with unilateral aldosterone excess, but it is associated with postsurgical deterioration of renal function in subjects over 50 years with CSI ≤0.26.

Project description:ImportanceIn addition to biochemical cure, clinical benefits after surgery for primary aldosteronism depend on the magnitude of decrease in blood pressure (BP) and use of antihypertensive medications with a subsequent decreased risk of cardiovascular and/or cerebrovascular morbidity and drug-induced adverse effects.ObjectiveTo evaluate the change in BP and use of antihypertensive medications within an international cohort of patients who recently underwent surgery for primary aldosteronism.Design, setting, and participantsA cohort study was conducted across 16 referral medical centers in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism between January 2010 and December 2016 were included. Data analysis was performed from August 2017 to June 2018. Unilateral disease was confirmed using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or adrenal venous sampling. Patients with missing or incomplete preoperative or follow-up data regarding BP or corresponding number of antihypertensive medications were excluded.Main outcomes and measuresClinical success was defined based on postoperative BP and number of antihypertensive medications. Cure was defined as normotension without antihypertensive medications, and clear improvement as normotension with lower or equal use of antihypertensive medications. In patients with preoperative normotensivity, improvement was defined as postoperative normotension with lower antihypertensive use. All other patients were stratified as no clear success because the benefits of surgery were less obvious, mainly owing to postoperative, persistent hypertension. Clinical outcomes were assessed at follow-up closest to 6 months after surgery.ResultsOn the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 435 patients (84.6%) from a cohort of 514 patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy were eligible. Of these patients, 186 (42.3%) were women; mean (SD) age at the time of surgery was 50.7 (11.4) years. Cure was achieved in 118 patients (27.1%), clear improvement in 135 (31.0%), and no clear success in 182 (41.8%). In the subgroup classified as no clear success, 166 patients (91.2%) had postoperative hypertension. However, within this subgroup, the mean (SD) systolic and diastolic BP decreased significantly by 9 (22) mm Hg (P < .001) and 3 (15) mm Hg (P = .04), respectively. Also, the number of antihypertensive medications used decreased from 3 (range, 0-7) to 2 (range, 0-6) (P < .001). Moreover, in 75 of 182 patients (41.2%) within this subgroup, the decrease in systolic BP was 10 mm Hg or greater.Conclusions and relevanceIn this study, for most patients, adrenalectomy was associated with a postoperative normotensive state and reduction of antihypertensive medications. Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients with postoperative, persistent hypertension may benefit from adrenalectomy given the observed clinically relevant and significant reduction of BP and antihypertensive medications.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Although unilateral primary aldosteronism is the most common surgically correctable cause of hypertension, no standard criteria exist to classify surgical outcomes. We aimed to create consensus criteria for clinical and biochemical outcomes and follow-up of adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism and apply these criteria to an international cohort to analyse the frequency of remission and identify preoperative determinants of successful outcome. METHODS:The Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome (PASO) study was an international project to develop consensus criteria for outcomes and follow-up of adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism. An international panel of 31 experts from 28 centres, including six endocrine surgeons, used the Delphi method to reach consensus. We then retrospectively analysed follow-up data from prospective cohorts for outcome assessment of patients diagnosed with unilateral primary aldosteronism by adrenal venous sampling who had undergone a total adrenalectomy, consecutively included from 12 referral centres in nine countries. On the basis of standardised criteria, we determined the proportions of patients achieving complete, partial, or absent clinical and biochemical success in accordance with the consensus. We then used logistic regression analyses to identify preoperative factors associated with clinical and biochemical outcomes. FINDINGS:Consensus was reached for criteria for six outcomes (complete, partial, and absent success of clinical and biochemical outcomes) based on blood pressure, use of antihypertensive drugs, plasma potassium and aldosterone concentrations, and plasma renin concentrations or activities. Consensus was also reached for two recommendations for the timing of follow-up assessment. For the international cohort analysis, we analysed clinical data from 705 patients recruited between 1994 and 2015, of whom 699 also had biochemical data. Complete clinical success was achieved in 259 (37%) of 705 patients, with a wide variance (range 17-62), and partial clinical success in an additional 334 (47%, range 35-66); complete biochemical success was seen in 656 (94%, 83-100) of 699 patients. Female patients had a higher likelihood of complete clinical success (odds ratio [OR] 2·25, 95% CI 1·40-3·62; p=0·001) and clinical benefit (complete plus partial clinical success; OR 2·89, 1·49-5·59; p=0·002) than male patients. Younger patients had a higher likelihood of complete clinical success (OR 0·95 per extra year, 0·93-0·98; p<0·001) and clinical benefit (OR 0·95 per extra year, 0·92-0·98; p=0·004). Higher levels of preoperative medication were associated with lower levels of complete clinical success (OR 0·80 per unit increase, 0·70-0·90; p<0·001). INTERPRETATION:These standardised outcome criteria are relevant for the assessment of the success of surgical treatment in individual patients and will allow the comparison of outcome data in future studies. The variable baseline clinical characteristics of our international cohort contributed to wide variation in clinical outcomes. Most patients derive clinical benefit from adrenalectomy, with younger patients and female patients more likely to have a favourable surgical outcome. Screening for primary aldosteronism should nonetheless be done in every individual fulfilling US Endocrine Society guideline criteria because biochemical success without clinical success is by itself clinically important and older women and men can also derive post-operative clinical benefit. FUNDING:European Research Council; European Union's Horizon 2020; Else Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung; Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development-Medical Sciences; Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Ministry of Health, Slovenia; US National Institutes of Health; and CONICYT-FONDECYT (Chile).

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Risk factors for renal impairment revealed after unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism.

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Risk factors for renal impairment revealed after unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism.

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