Systemic therapy for echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Guo J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5059245 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The identification of oncogenic genomic alterations is expected to facilitate the development of new molecularly targeted therapies for cancer. EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4)-ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) was recently identified as a transforming fusion gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of ALK, crizotinib, shows pronounced clinical activity in the treatment of patients with NSCLC positive for EML4-ALK, and it has rapidly entered into daily clinical practice. This review focuses on the biology and clinical features of, as well as diagnostic testing for, EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC. Current data on the efficacy and toxicity of crizotinib are also examined, and future directions for the treatment of NSCLC positive for ALK rearrangement are addressed.
| S-EPMC7659273 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Oncogenic fusion genes consisting of EML4 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are present in a subgroup of non-small-cell lung cancers, representing 2 to 7% of such tumors. We explored the therapeutic efficacy of inhibiting ALK in such tumors in an early-phase clinical trial of crizotinib (PF-02341066), an orally available small-molecule inhibitor of the ALK tyrosine kinase.After screening tumor samples from approximately 1500 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer for the presence of ALK rearrangements, we identified 82 patients with advanced ALK-positive disease who were eligible for the clinical trial. Most of the patients had received previous treatment. These patients were enrolled in an expanded cohort study instituted after phase 1 dose escalation had established a recommended crizotinib dose of 250 mg twice daily in 28-day cycles. Patients were assessed for adverse events and response to therapy.Patients with ALK rearrangements tended to be younger than those without the rearrangements, and most of the patients had little or no exposure to tobacco and had adenocarcinomas. At a mean treatment duration of 6.4 months, the overall response rate was 57% (47 of 82 patients, with 46 confirmed partial responses and 1 confirmed complete response); 27 patients (33%) had stable disease. A total of 63 of 82 patients (77%) were continuing to receive crizotinib at the time of data cutoff, and the estimated probability of 6-month progression-free survival was 72%, with no median for the study reached. The drug resulted in grade 1 or 2 (mild) gastrointestinal side effects.The inhibition of ALK in lung tumors with the ALK rearrangement resulted in tumor shrinkage or stable disease in most patients. (Funded by Pfizer and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00585195.).
| S-EPMC3014291 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Lung cancer still represents the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. However, the recent advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), pioneering drugs against targetable mutations, have dramatically improved prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements, identified in 3–7% of NSCLC cases, reflects in the constitutive activation of downstream signalling pathways, stimulating tumour cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. To accurately detect the wide spectrum of ALK rearrangements, the introduction of innovative techniques, like reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or next generation sequencing (NGS) now allows for a more precise detection of variants and a more objective reading assessment, compared to the traditional diagnostic approaches. In some occasions, these new tools may dynamically monitor tumor evolution and even guide the choice of the most appropriate ALK inhibitor. In fact, among ALK TKIs available, crizotinib was the first to receive FDA accelerate approval for ALK rearranged NSCLC patients. Notwithstanding its response rate, ranging from 57% to 74%, the majority of patients progress within the first year of drug administration, due to acquired resistance. Both ALK-dependent and independent mechanisms of acquired resistance to TKIs have been identified. If the activation of multiple bypass signaling pathways constitutes the most common ALK-independent mechanism of resistance and one of the most difficult to overcome, ALK-dependent escape strategy mainly consists of mutations in the kinase domain, where the type of mutation largely depends on the TKI administered. Second and third generation TKIs are now available and are demonstrating high systemic and central nervous system (CNS) efficacy in clinical trials. Even though appropriate timing and sequencing of these compounds are still unclear, the large number of ALK inhibitors is now a precious resource aiming to prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and finally overall survival (OS). Here Authors provide an overview of the current approaches in the clinical management of advanced NSCLC patients harboring ALK rearrangement and discuss future perspectives to address current issues, highlighting the perception that ALK-rearranged advanced NSCLC patients benefit from maintained ALK inhibition for as long as possible.
| S-EPMC8798861 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and objectiveLung cancer is commonly associated with brain metastasis formation, and certain subtypes, such as anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearranged disease, have an especially high propensity for early and frequent central nervous system (CNS) involvement for which treatment can be challenging. Historical management has centered on surgery and radiation therapy (RT), which persist as mainstays of treatment for large, symptomatic lesions and widespread CNS disease. To date, sustained disease control remains elusive, and the role for effective systemic adjunctive therapies is clear. Here we discuss the epidemiology, genomics, pathophysiology, identification, and management of lung cancer brain metastases with a particular emphasis on systemic treatment of ALK-positive disease according to the best available evidence.MethodsReview of PubMed and Google Scholar databases as well as ClinicalTrials.gov provided background and seminal trials for the local and systemic management of ALK rearranged lung cancer brain metastases.Key content and findingsThe development of effective, CNS-penetrant systemic agents-including alectinib, brigatinib, ceritinib, and lorlatinib-has dramatically changed the management and prevention of ALK rearranged brain metastases. Most notably, there is a burgeoning role for upfront systemic therapy for both symptomatic and incidentally discovered lesions.ConclusionsNovel targeted therapies offer patients a pathway to delay, obviate, or supplement traditional local therapies while minimizing neurologic sequelae of treatment and may reduce the risk of brain metastasis formation. However, the selection of patients to whom local and targeted treatments is offered is not trivial, and the risks and benefits of both must be weighed carefully. More work is needed to establish treatment regimens that yield durable intra- and extracranial disease control.
| S-EPMC9989815 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC5733330 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Most NSCLC patients are diagnosed with advanced disease and require systemic treatment. Despite emerging advances in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the prognosis of stage IV patients remains poor. However, the discovery of oncogenic driver mutations including mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and others, characterize a subset of patients with the opportunity of targeted therapies. Fusions between the ALK and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) are present in ∼ 3-5% of patients with NSCLC. Several first-, second-, and third-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed in the last decade and have tremendously changed treatment options and outcomes of ALK-positive NSCLC patients. With increasing treatment options, treatment sequence decisions have become more and more complex. ALK-mutations, fusion variants, or activation of by-pass pathways result in treatment resistance during the course of treatment in nearly all patients. Mutation-guided treatment sequencing can lead to better outcomes, and re-biopsy or liquid-biopsy should be performed whenever possible in case of disease progression in ALK-rearranged patients. In the future, combinational treatment of ALK TKIs with other pathway-inhibitors might further improve patients' treatment options and outcomes. Here, we review the data for currently available ALK TKIs, discuss approaches of treatment sequencing, and give an outlook on emerging developments.
| S-EPMC8154809 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC6987338 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements occur in a small portion of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These gene rearrangements lead to constitutive activation of the ALK kinase and subsequent ALK-driven tumor formation. Patients with tumors harboring such rearrangements are highly sensitive to ALK inhibitors, such as crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib. Resistance to these kinase inhibitors occurs through several mechanisms, resulting in ongoing clinical challenges. This review summarizes the biology of ALK-positive lung cancer, methods for diagnosing ALK-positive NSCLC, current FDA-approved ALK inhibitors, mechanisms of resistance to ALK inhibition, and potential strategies to combat resistance.
| S-EPMC5154547 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The therapeutic targeting of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been a burgeoning area of research since 2007 when ALK fusions were initially identified in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The field has rapidly progressed through development of the first-generation ALK inhibitor, crizotinib, to an understanding of mechanisms of acquired resistance to crizotinib and is currently witnessing an explosion in the development of next-generation ALK inhibitors such as ceritinib, alectinib, PF-06463922, AP26113, X-396, and TSR-011. As with most targeted therapies, acquired resistance appears to be an inevitable outcome. Current preclinical and clinical studies are focused on the development of rational therapeutic strategies, including novel ALK inhibitors, as well as rational combination therapies to maximize disease control by delaying or overcoming acquired therapeutic resistance. This review summarizes the existing clinical data and ongoing research pertaining to the clinical application of ALK inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
| S-EPMC5242382 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) presenting with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation is rare. We present a case of ALK gene translocation-SCC in which a remarkable tumor response to crizotinib was achieved after the failure of prior chemoradiotherapy. Considering this remarkable response, we conclude that ALK testing in female non-smokers or in any patient unresponsive to the initial regimen of chemotherapy, is recommended for SCC patients.
| S-EPMC4846625 | biostudies-other