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Immune-Enhancing Effects of a High Molecular Weight Fraction of Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley in Macrophages and Immunosuppressed Mice.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the immune-enhancing activity of a high molecular weight fraction (HMF) of Cynanchum wilfordii in RAW 264.7 macrophages and the cyclophosphamide (CYC)-induced mouse model of immunosuppression. To identify the bioactive substances of HMF, a crude polysaccharide (HMFO) was obtained and treated with sodium periodate (an oxidation agent) or digested with protease. In macrophages, HMF treatment enhanced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)), as well as phagocytic ability. In CYC-immunosuppressed mice, HMF improved relative spleen and thymus weights, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and splenic lymphocyte proliferation. These increases in NO and cytokines were mediated by up-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Periodate treatment, but not protease treatment, decreased the immune-enhancing activity of HMFO, suggesting that polysaccharides are the active ingredients in C. wilfordii extract.

SUBMITTER: Jang M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5083988 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cynanchum wilfordii

Project description:Cynanchum wilfordii overview

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Project description:Cynanchum wilfordii Raw sequence reads

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Molecular Discrimination of Cynanchum wilfordii and Cynanchum auriculatum by InDel Markers of Chloroplast DNA.

Project description:The tuber of Cynanchum wilfordii (Baekshuoh Radix in Korean) is an important medicinal herb in Korea and China; however, it is difficult to differentiate C. wilfordii from a related medicinal herb, C. auriculatum (Baishouwu Radix in Chinese). We sought to develop a molecular method that could be used to distinguish between the tubers of C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum. We aligned the chloroplast genome sequences (available in the NCBI database) of the two species and identified three species-specific insertion and deletion (InDel) sites in the trnQ-psbK, rps2-rpoC2, and psaJ-rpl33 intergenic spacer (IGS) regions. To confirm the presence of these three InDels and validate their use as markers, we designed three primer pairs to amplify the trnQ-psbK, rps2-rpoC2, and psaJ-rpl33 IGS regions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the trnQ-psbK IGS region yielded a 249 bp fragment for C. wilfordii, and 419 bp fragment for C. auriculatum, whereas the rps2-rpoC2 IGS primers produced a 629 bp fragment from C. wilfordii and a 282 bp fragment from C. auriculatum. In the psaJ-rpl33 IGS region, allele fragments of 342 and 360 bp in length were amplified from C. wilfordii, whereas 249 and 250 bp fragment were amplified from C. auriculatum. We propose these three InDel markers as a valuable, simple, and efficient tool for identifying these medicinal herbs and will thus reduce adulteration of these herbal materials in commercial markets.

| S-EPMC6100574 | biostudies-literature

Genome structure and diversity among Cynanchum wilfordii accessions.

Project description:BackgroundCynanchum wilfordii (Cw) and Cynanchum auriculatum (Ca) have long been used in traditional medicine and as functional food in Korea and China, respectively. They have diverse medicinal functions, and many studies have been conducted, including pharmaceutical efficiency and metabolites. Especially, Cw is regarded as the most famous medicinal herb in Korea due to its menopausal symptoms relieving effect. Despite the high demand for Cw in the market, both species are cultivated using wild resources with rare genomic information.ResultsWe collected 160 Cw germplasm from local areas of Korea and analyzed their morphological diversity. Five Cw and one Ca of them, which were morphologically diverse, were sequenced, and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and complete plastid genome (plastome) sequences were assembled and annotated. We investigated the genomic characteristics of Cw as well as the genetic diversity of plastomes and nrDNA of Cw and Ca. The Cw haploid nuclear genome was approximately 178 Mbp. Karyotyping revealed the juxtaposition of 45S and 5S nrDNA on one of 11 chromosomes. Plastome sequences revealed 1226 interspecies polymorphisms and 11 Cw intraspecies polymorphisms. The 160 Cw accessions were grouped into 21 haplotypes based on seven plastome markers and into 108 haplotypes based on seven nuclear markers. Nuclear genotypes did not coincide with plastome haplotypes that reflect the frequent natural outcrossing events.ConclusionsCw germplasm had a huge morphological diversity, and their wide range of genetic diversity was revealed through the investigation with 14 molecular markers. The morphological and genomic diversity, chromosome structure, and genome size provide fundamental genomic information for breeding of undomesticated Cw plants.

| S-EPMC8722063 | biostudies-literature

Characterization and Immunomodulatory Effects of High Molecular Weight Fucoidan Fraction from the Sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice.

Project description:Immunomodulation involves two mechanisms, immunostimulation and immunosuppression. It is a complex mechanism that regulates the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of various diseases affecting the immune system. Immunomodulators can be used as immunostimulators to reduce the side effects of drugs that induce immunosuppression. In this study, we characterized the chemical composition of high molecular weight fucoidan (HMWF) and low molecular weight fucoidan and compared their functions as natural killer (NK) cell-derived immunostimulators in vitro. We also tested the effectiveness of HMWF, which has a relatively high function in vitro, as an immunostimulator in immunosuppressed animal models. In these models, HWMF significantly restored NK cell cytotoxicity and granzyme B release to the control group level. In addition, the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also increased in the spleen. This study suggests that HMWF acts as an effective immunostimulant under immunosuppressive conditions.

| S-EPMC6723532 | biostudies-other

Selection of solvent for extraction of antioxidant components from Cynanchum auriculatum, Cynanchum bungei, and Cynanchum wilfordii roots.

Project description:In east Asia, "Baishouwu" has been used as an herbal drug and functional dietary supplement for hundreds of years. Actually, "Baishouwu" is the common name of the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum, Cynanchum bungei, and Cynanchum wilfordii. In the present study, roots of these three specie were extracted and then fractionated using petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and water. DPPH scavenging experiments revealed high antioxidant activity of DCM and EA fractions of C. bungei and the EA fraction of C. wilfordii. Treatments with these three fractions significantly reduced malondialdehyde content in heat-stressed Daphnia magna, validating in vivo antioxidant activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyses demonstrated that the chemical components of fractions extracted from C. bungei, C. bungei, and C. wilfordii were different. Further determination of total phenol and total flavonoids contents showed that DCM and EA fractions of C. bungei and EA fraction of C. wilfordii had much higher contents of total phenol and total flavonoids, which might be the reason to explain their strong antioxidant activity. Overall, the present study suggested that these three plants have different chemical components and biological activities. They could not be used as the same drug.

| S-EPMC6475734 | biostudies-literature

The multipartite mitochondrial genome of Cynanchum wilfordii (Gentianales: Apocynaceae).

Project description:Cynanchum wilfordii is a traditional herbal medicine and belongs to the family Apocynaceae. The C. wilfordii mitochondrial genome consists of three circular chromosomes (named chromosomes I-III), the lengths of which are 379,060, 352,767 and 111,332 nucleotides. The mitochondrial genome encodes 58 genes, including 38 protein-coding genes, 17 transfer RNA genes and three ribosomal RNA genes. Of these 58 genes, 37 are located in chromosome I, 35 in chromosome II and 15 in chromosome III. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that among the 14 reported species of Asterids, C. wilfordii is most closely related to Asclepias syriaca.

| S-EPMC7799619 | biostudies-literature

Prevention of immune nephritis by the small molecular weight immunomodulator iguratimod in MRL/lpr mice.

Project description:OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate the therapeutic effects of iguratimod in a lupus mouse model. METHODS: Female MRL/lpr mice were treated with iguratimod, vehicle solution or cyclophosphamide. Proteinuria was monitored and kidney injury was blindly scored by a renal pathologist. Serum anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies were monitored by radioimmunoassay. Kidney IgG and CD20 were stained by immunohistochemistry. Splenic lymphocyte phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. BAFF, IL-17A, IL-6, and IL-21 levels in serum and splenic lymphocytes were detected by ELISA or quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the vehicle-treated controls, MRL/lpr mice treated with iguratimod showed less protenuria, less acute pathological lesions and no chronic changes in the kidneys. There were significant differences in glomerular injury and vasculitis scores, as well as in the semi-quantitative analysis of immune complex deposition between the two groups. Disease activity markers in sera (anti-dsDNA antibodies and immunoglobulin levels) were reduced and hypocomplementemia was attenuated. Lymphocyte expression of BAFF, IL-6, IL-17A and IL-21 was decreased. The abnormal splenic B220+ T cell and plasma cell populations in MRL/lpr mice were reduced by iguratimod treatment, with recovery of the total B cell population and inhibition of B cell infiltration of the kidney tissue. The dosage of iguratimod used in this study showed no significant cytotoxic effects in vivo and no overt side-effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Iguratimod ameliorates immune nephritis in MRL/lpr mice via a non-antiproliferative mechanism. Our data suggest a potential therapeutic role of iguratimod in lupus.

| S-EPMC4182720 | biostudies-other

Peptides in low molecular weight fraction of serum associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Project description:The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States is increasing and the increase is projected to continue for several decades. The overall survival of HCC patients is poor and treatments are not effective in part because most of the diagnoses come at a late stage. The development of new markers for detection of HCC would significantly improve patient prognosis. This paper describes identification of candidate markers previously reported in our serologic study of an Egyptian population by quantitative comparison of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra. To identify these marker candidates, we performed LC-MS/MS sequencing that identified nine native peptides associated with HCC, including two reported previously. Four truncations of N terminus of complement C3f and a fibrinopeptide increased in control sera; two complement C4alpha peptides, a zyxin peptide, and a coagulation factor XIII peptide increased in cancer patient sera. We have also identified increased biliverdin diglucuronide in the sera of cancer patients. These peptides could potentially serve as markers of HCC following additional validation studies; however, association of similar peptides with other diseases and cancers dictates a very cautious approach.

| S-EPMC3552294 | biostudies-literature

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