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Oral iron supplementation after blood donation: a randomized clinical trial.

ABSTRACT: Although blood donation is allowed every 8 weeks in the United States, recovery of hemoglobin to the currently accepted standard (12.5 g/dL) is frequently delayed, and some donors become anemic.To determine the effect of oral iron supplementation on hemoglobin recovery time (days to recovery of 80% of hemoglobin removed) and recovery of iron stores in iron-depleted ("low ferritin," ?26 ng/mL) and iron-replete ("higher ferritin," >26 ng/mL) blood donors.Randomized, nonblinded clinical trial of blood donors stratified by ferritin level, sex, and age conducted in 4 regional blood centers in the United States in 2012. Included were 215 eligible participants aged 18 to 79 years who had not donated whole blood or red blood cells within 4 months.One tablet of ferrous gluconate (37.5 mg of elemental iron) daily or no iron for 24 weeks (168 days) after donating a unit of whole blood (500 mL).Time to recovery of 80% of the postdonation decrease in hemoglobin and recovery of ferritin level to baseline as a measure of iron stores.The mean baseline hemoglobin levels were comparable in the iron and no-iron groups and declined from a mean (SD) of 13.4 (1.1) g/dL to 12.0 (1.2) g/dL after donation in the low-ferritin group and from 14.2 (1.1) g/dL to 12.9 (1.2) g/dL in the higher-ferritin group. Compared with participants who did not receive iron supplementation, those who received iron supplementation had shortened time to 80% hemoglobin recovery in both the low-ferritin (mean, 32 days, interquartile range [IQR], 30-34, vs 158 days, IQR, 126->168) and higher-ferritin groups (31 days, IQR, 29-33, vs 78 days, IQR, 66-95). Median time to recovery to baseline ferritin levels in the low-ferritin group taking iron was 21 days (IQR, 12-84). For participants not taking iron, recovery to baseline was longer than 168 days (IQR, 128->168). Median time to recovery to baseline in the higher-ferritin group taking iron was 107 days (IQR, 75-141), and for participants not taking iron, recovery to baseline was longer than 168 days (IQR, >168->168). Recovery of iron stores in all participants who received supplements took a median of 76 days (IQR, 20-126); for participants not taking iron, median recovery time was longer than 168 days (IQR, 147->168 days; P?26 ng/mL).clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01555060.

SUBMITTER: Kiss JE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5094173 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Oral iron supplementation after blood donation: a randomized clinical trial.

Kiss Joseph E JE Brambilla Donald D Glynn Simone A SA Mast Alan E AE Spencer Bryan R BR Stone Mars M Kleinman Steven H SH Cable Ritchard G RG

JAMA 20150201 6

<h4>Importance</h4>Although blood donation is allowed every 8 weeks in the United States, recovery of hemoglobin to the currently accepted standard (12.5 g/dL) is frequently delayed, and some donors become anemic.<h4>Objective</h4>To determine the effect of oral iron supplementation on hemoglobin recovery time (days to recovery of 80% of hemoglobin removed) and recovery of iron stores in iron-depleted ("low ferritin," ≤26 ng/mL) and iron-replete ("higher ferritin," >26 ng/mL) blood donors.<h4>De ...[more]

PMID: 25668261

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Project description:ImportanceAnemia is common in pregnancy and increases the risk of adverse outcomes. Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anemia in sub-Saharan Africa, and iron supplementation is the standard of care during pregnancy; however, recent trials among children have raised concerns regarding the safety of iron supplementation in malaria-endemic regions. There is limited evidence on the safety of iron supplementation during pregnancy in these areas.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation during pregnancy in a malaria-endemic region.Design, setting, and participantsWe conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial among pregnant women presenting for antenatal care in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from September 28, 2010, through October 4, 2012. Iron-replete, nonanemic women were eligible if they were uninfected with human immunodeficiency virus, primigravidae or secundigravidae, and at or before 27 weeks of gestation. Screening of 21,316 women continued until the target enrollment of 1500 was reached. Analyses followed the intent-to-treat principle and included all randomized participants.InterventionsParticipants were randomized to receive 60 mg of iron or placebo, returning every 4 weeks for standard prenatal care, including malaria screening, prophylaxis with the combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, and treatment, as needed.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcomes were placental malaria, maternal hemoglobin level at delivery, and birth weight.ResultsAmong 1500 study participants (750 randomized for each group), 731 in iron group and 738 in placebo group had known birth outcomes and 493 in iron group and 510 in placebo group had placental samples included in the analysis. Maternal characteristics were similar at baseline in the iron and placebo groups, and 1354 (91.7%) used malaria control measures. The risk of placental malaria was not increased by maternal iron supplementation (relative risk [RR], 1.03; 95% CI, 0.65-1.65), and iron supplementation did not significantly affect birth weight (3155 vs 3137 g, P = .89). Compared with placebo, iron supplementation significantly improved the mean increase from baseline to delivery for hemoglobin (0.1 vs -0.7 g/dL, P < .001) and serum ferritin (41.3 vs 11.3 µg/L, P < .001). Iron supplementation significantly decreased the risk of anemia at delivery by 40% (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.51-0.71) but not severe anemia (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.41-1.14). Iron supplementation significantly reduced the risk of maternal iron deficiency at delivery by 52% (RR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.32-0.70) and the risk of iron deficiency anemia by 66% (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19-0.62).Conclusions and relevancePrenatal iron supplementation among iron-replete, nonanemic women was not associated with an increased risk of placental malaria or other adverse events in the context of good malaria control. Participants receiving supplementation had improved hematologic and iron status at delivery compared with the placebo group. These findings provide support for continued administration of iron during pregnancy in malaria-endemic regions.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01119612.

Project description:BackgroundIron and folic acid supplementation has been the preferred intervention to improve iron stores and prevent anaemia among pregnant women, and it may also improve other maternal and birth outcomes.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of daily oral iron supplements for pregnant women, either alone or in conjunction with folic acid, or with other vitamins and minerals as a public health intervention.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (2 July 2012). We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (2 July 2012) and contacted relevant organisations for the identification of ongoing and unpublished studies.Selection criteriaRandomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating the effects of oral preventive supplementation with daily iron, iron + folic acid or iron + other vitamins and minerals during pregnancy.Data collection and analysisWe assessed the methodological quality of trials using standard Cochrane criteria. Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility, extracted data and conducted checks for accuracy.Main resultsWe included 60 trials. Forty-three trials, involving more than 27,402 women, contributed data and compared the effects of daily oral supplements containing iron versus no iron or placebo.Overall, women taking iron supplements were less likely to have low birthweight newborns (below 2500 g) compared with controls (8.4% versus 10.2%, average risk ratio (RR) 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 0.97, 11 trials, 8480 women) and mean birthweight was 30.81 g greater for those infants whose mothers received iron during pregnancy (average mean difference (MD) 30.81; 95% CI 5.94 to 55.68, 14 trials, 9385 women). Preventive iron supplementation reduced the risk of maternal anaemia at term by 70% (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.46, 14 trials, 2199 women) and iron deficiency at term by 57% (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.66, seven trials, 1256 women). Although the difference between groups did not reach statistical significance, women who received iron supplements were more likely than controls to report side effects (25.3% versus 9.91%) (RR 2.36; 95% CI 0.96 to 5.82, 11 trials, 4418 women), particularly at doses 60 mg of elemental iron or higher. Women receiving iron were on average more likely to have higher haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations at term and in the postpartum period, but were at increased risk of Hb concentrations greater than 130g/L during pregnancy and at term. Twenty-three studies were conducted in countries that in 2011 had some malaria risk in parts of the country. In some of these countries/territories, malaria is present only in certain areas or up to a particular altitude. Only two of these reported malaria outcomes. There is no evidence that iron supplementation increases placental malaria. For some outcomes heterogeneity was higher than 50%.Authors' conclusionsPrenatal supplementation with daily iron are effective to reduce the risk of low birthweight, and to prevent maternal anaemia and iron deficiency in pregnancy. Associated maternal side effects and particularly high Hb concentrations during pregnancy at currently used doses suggest the need to update recommendations on doses and regimens for routine iron supplementation.

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Oral iron supplementation after blood donation: a randomized clinical trial.

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Oral iron supplementation after blood donation: a randomized clinical trial.

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