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Immune cell screening of a nanoparticle library improves atherosclerosis therapy.

ABSTRACT: Immunological complexity in atherosclerosis warrants targeted treatment of specific inflammatory cells that aggravate the disease. With the initiation of large phase III trials investigating immunomodulatory drugs for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease treatment enters a new era. We here propose a radically different approach: implementing and evaluating in vivo a combinatorial library of nanoparticles with distinct physiochemical properties and differential immune cell specificities. The library's nanoparticles are based on endogenous high-density lipoprotein, which can preferentially deliver therapeutic compounds to pathological macrophages in atherosclerosis. Using the apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe^-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis, we quantitatively evaluated the library's immune cell specificity by combining immunological techniques and in vivo positron emission tomography imaging. Based on this screen, we formulated a liver X receptor agonist (GW3965) and abolished its liver toxicity while still preserving its therapeutic function. Screening the immune cell specificity of nanoparticles can be used to develop tailored therapies for atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.

SUBMITTER: Tang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5098679 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Immune cell screening of a nanoparticle library improves atherosclerosis therapy.

Tang Jun J Baxter Samantha S Menon Arjun A Alaarg Amr A Sanchez-Gaytan Brenda L BL Fay Francois F Zhao Yiming Y Ouimet Mireille M Braza Mounia S MS Longo Valerie A VA Abdel-Atti Dalya D Duivenvoorden Raphael R Calcagno Claudia C Storm Gert G Tsimikas Sotirios S Moore Kathryn J KJ Swirski Filip K FK Nahrendorf Matthias M Fisher Edward A EA Pérez-Medina Carlos C Fayad Zahi A ZA Reiner Thomas T Mulder Willem J M WJ

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20161017 44

Immunological complexity in atherosclerosis warrants targeted treatment of specific inflammatory cells that aggravate the disease. With the initiation of large phase III trials investigating immunomodulatory drugs for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease treatment enters a new era. We here propose a radically different approach: implementing and evaluating in vivo a combinatorial library of nanoparticles with distinct physiochemical properties and differential immune cell specificities. The l ...[more]

PMID: 27791119

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Project description:Effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required to tackle the alarmingly poor survival outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients. EAC originates from within the intestinal-type metaplasia, Barrett's esophagus, a condition arising on a background of gastroesophageal reflux disease and associated inflammation.This study used a druggable genome small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening library of 6022 siRNAs in conjunction with bioinformatics platforms, genomic studies of EAC tissues, somatic variation data of EAC from The Cancer Genome Atlas data of EAC, and pathologic and functional studies to define novel EAC-associated, and targetable, immune factors.By using a druggable genome library we defined genes that sustain EAC cell growth, which included an unexpected immunologic signature. Integrating Cancer Genome Atlas data with druggable siRNA targets showed a striking concordance and an EAC-specific gene amplification event associated with 7 druggable targets co-encoded at Chr6p21.1. Over-representation of immune pathway-associated genes supporting EAC cell growth included leukemia inhibitory factor, complement component 1, q subcomponent A chain (C1QA), and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which were validated further as targets sharing downstream signaling pathways through genomic and pathologic studies. Finally, targeting the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-, C1q-, and leukemia inhibitory factor-activated signaling pathways (TYROBP-spleen tyrosine kinase and JAK-STAT3) with spleen tyrosine kinase and Janus-activated kinase inhibitor fostamatinib R788 triggered EAC cell death, growth arrest, and reduced tumor burden in NOD scid gamma mice.These data highlight a subset of genes co-identified through siRNA targeting and genomic studies of expression and somatic variation, specifically highlighting the contribution that immune-related factors play in support of EAC development and suggesting their suitability as targets in the treatment of EAC.

Project description:BackgroundImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) and/or CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4) are commonly associated with acute immune-related adverse events. Accumulating evidence also suggests that ICIs aggravate existing inflammatory diseases.ObjectivesAs inflammation drives atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, we studied the propensity of short-term ICI therapy to aggravate atherosclerosis.MethodsWe used 18F-FDG (2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose) positron emission tomography-computed tomography to detect macrophage-driven vascular and systemic inflammation in pembrolizumab and nivolumab/ipilimumab-treated melanoma patients. In parallel, atherosclerotic Ldlr -/- mice were treated with CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibition to study the proinflammatory consequences of immune checkpoint inhibition.ResultsICI treatment did not affect 18F-FDG uptake in the large arteries, spleen, and bone marrow of melanoma patients, nor myeloid cell activation in blood and lymphoid organs in hyperlipidemic mice. In contrast, we found marked changes in the adaptive immune response (i.e., increased CD4+ effector T cell and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell numbers in lymphoid organs and the arterial wall of our hyperlipidemic mice). Although plaque size was unaffected, plaques had progressed toward a lymphoid-based inflammatory phenotype, characterized by a 2.7-fold increase of CD8+ T cells and a 3.9-fold increase in necrotic core size. Increased endothelial activation was observed with a 2.2-fold and 1.6-fold increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, respectively.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that combination therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies does not affect myeloid-driven vascular and systemic inflammation in melanoma patients and hyperlipidemic mice. However, short-term ICI therapy in mice induces T cell-mediated plaque inflammation and drives plaque progression.

Project description:BACKGROUNDEimeria maxima is one of the most prevalent Eimeria species causing avian coccidiosis, and results in huge economic loss to the global poultry industry. Current control strategies, such as anti-coccidial medication and live vaccines have been limited because of their drawbacks. The third generation anticoccidial vaccines including the recombinant vaccines as well as DNA vaccines have been suggested as a promising alternative strategy. To date, only a few protective antigens of E. maxima have been reported. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify novel protective antigens of E. maxima for the development of neotype anticoccidial vaccines.METHODSWith the aim of identifying novel protective genes of E. maxima, a cDNA expression library of E. maxima sporozoites was constructed using Gateway technology. Subsequently, the cDNA expression library was divided into 15 sub-libraries for cDNA expression library immunization (cDELI) using parasite challenged model in chickens. Protective sub-libraries were selected for the next round of screening until individual protective clones were obtained, which were further sequenced and analyzed.RESULTSAdopting the Gateway technology, a high-quality entry library was constructed, containing 9.2?×?106 clones with an average inserted fragments length of 1.63 kb. The expression library capacity was 2.32?×?107 colony-forming units (cfu) with an average inserted fragments length of 1.64 Kb. The expression library was screened using parasite challenged model in chickens. The screening yielded 6 immune protective genes including four novel protective genes of EmJS-1, EmRP, EmHP-1 and EmHP-2, and two known protective genes of EmSAG and EmCKRS. EmJS-1 is the selR domain-containing protein of E. maxima whose function is unknown. EmHP-1 and EmHP-2 are the hypothetical proteins of E. maxima. EmRP and EmSAG are rhomboid-like protein and surface antigen glycoproteins of E. maxima respectively, and involved in invasion of the parasite.CONCLUSIONSOur results provide a cDNA expression library for further screening of T cell stimulating or inhibiting antigens of E. maxima. Moreover, our results provide six candidate protective antigens for developing new vaccines against E. maxima.

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Immune cell screening of a nanoparticle library improves atherosclerosis therapy.

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Immune cell screening of a nanoparticle library improves atherosclerosis therapy.

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