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Micrometre-scale deformation observations reveal fundamental controls on geological rifting.

ABSTRACT: Many of the world's largest volcanic eruptions are associated with geological rifting where major fractures open at the Earth's surface, yet fundamental controls on the near-surface response to the rifting process are lacking. New high resolution observations gleaned from seismometer data during the 2014 Bárðarbunga basaltic dyke intrusion in Iceland allow us unprecedented access to the associated graben formation process on both sub-second and micrometre scales. We find that what appears as quasi steady-state near-surface rifting on lower resolution GPS observation comprises discrete staccato-like deformation steps as the upper crust unzips through repetitive low magnitude (M_W?2 and 1200?m² in size. Stress drops for these events are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than expected for tectonic earthquakes, demonstrating that the uppermost crust in the rift zone is exceptionally weak.

SUBMITTER: Thun J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5101494 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Micrometre-scale deformation observations reveal fundamental controls on geological rifting.

Thun Johannes J Lokmer Ivan I Bean Christopher J CJ Eibl Eva P S EP Bergsson Bergur H BH Braiden Aoife A

Scientific reports 20161109

Many of the world's largest volcanic eruptions are associated with geological rifting where major fractures open at the Earth's surface, yet fundamental controls on the near-surface response to the rifting process are lacking. New high resolution observations gleaned from seismometer data during the 2014 Bárðarbunga basaltic dyke intrusion in Iceland allow us unprecedented access to the associated graben formation process on both sub-second and micrometre scales. We find that what appears as qua ...[more]

PMID: 27827417

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