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A hyperaccumulation pathway to three-dimensional hierarchical porous nanocomposites for highly robust high-power electrodes.

ABSTRACT: Natural plants consist of a hierarchical architecture featuring an intricate network of highly interconnected struts and channels that not only ensure extraordinary structural stability, but also allow efficient transport of nutrients and electrolytes throughout the entire plants. Here we show that a hyperaccumulation effect can allow efficient enrichment of selected metal ions (for example, Sn²⁺, Mn²⁺) in the halophytic plants, which can then be converted into three-dimensional carbon/metal oxide (3DC/MO_x) nanocomposites with both the composition and structure hierarchy. The nanocomposites retain the 3D hierarchical porous network structure, with ultrafine MO_x nanoparticles uniformly distributed in multi-layers of carbon derived from the cell wall, cytomembrane and tonoplast. It can simultaneously ensure efficient electron and ion transport and help withstand the mechanical stress during the repeated electrochemical cycles, enabling the active material to combine high specific capacities typical of batteries and the cycling stability of supercapacitors.

SUBMITTER: Zhu J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5118540 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A hyperaccumulation pathway to three-dimensional hierarchical porous nanocomposites for highly robust high-power electrodes.

Zhu Jian J Shan Yu Y Wang Tao T Sun Hongtao H Zhao Zipeng Z Mei Lin L Fan Zheng Z Xu Zhi Z Shakir Imran I Huang Yu Y Lu Bingan B Duan Xiangfeng X

Nature communications 20161117

Natural plants consist of a hierarchical architecture featuring an intricate network of highly interconnected struts and channels that not only ensure extraordinary structural stability, but also allow efficient transport of nutrients and electrolytes throughout the entire plants. Here we show that a hyperaccumulation effect can allow efficient enrichment of selected metal ions (for example, Sn<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>) in the halophytic plants, which can then be converted into three-dimens ...[more]

PMID: 27853174

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Project description:We present a new, robust three dimensional microfabrication method for highly parallel microfluidics, to improve the throughput of on-chip material synthesis by allowing parallel and simultaneous operation of many replicate devices on a single chip. Recently, parallelized microfluidic chips fabricated in Silicon and glass have been developed to increase the throughput of microfluidic materials synthesis to an industrially relevant scale. These parallelized microfluidic chips require large arrays (>10,000) of Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) to deliver fluid from delivery channels to the parallelized devices. Ideally, these TSVs should have a small footprint to allow a high density of features to be packed into a single chip, have channels on both sides of the wafer, and at the same time minimize debris generation and wafer warping to enable permanent bonding of the device to glass. Because of these requirements and challenges, previous approaches cannot be easily applied to produce three dimensional microfluidic chips with a large array of TSVs. To address these issues, in this paper we report a fabrication strategy for the robust fabrication of three-dimensional Silicon microfluidic chips consisting of a dense array of TSVs, designed specifically for highly parallelized microfluidics. In particular, we have developed a two-layer TSV design that allows small diameter vias (d < 20 µm) without sacrificing the mechanical stability of the chip and a patterned SiO2 etch-stop layer to replace the use of carrier wafers in Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE). Our microfabrication strategy allows >50,000 (d = 15 µm) TSVs to be fabricated on a single 4" wafer, using only conventional semiconductor fabrication equipment, with 100% yield (M = 16 chips) compared to 30% using previous approaches. We demonstrated the utility of these fabrication strategies by developing a chip that incorporates 20,160 flow focusing droplet generators onto a single 4" Silicon wafer, representing a 100% increase in the total number of droplet generators than previously reported. To demonstrate the utility of this chip for generating pharmaceutical microparticle formulations, we generated 5-9 µm polycaprolactone particles with a CV < 5% at a rate as high as 60 g/hr (>1 trillion particles/hour).

Dataset Information

A hyperaccumulation pathway to three-dimensional hierarchical porous nanocomposites for highly robust high-power electrodes.

Publications

A hyperaccumulation pathway to three-dimensional hierarchical porous nanocomposites for highly robust high-power electrodes.

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