Dataset Information

How to Plant Apple Trees to Reduce Replant Disease in Apple Orchard: A Study on the Phenolic Acid of the Replanted Apple Orchard.

ABSTRACT: Apple replant disease (ARD) is an important problem in the production of apple. The phenolic acid is one of the causes of ARD. How phenolic acid affects the ARD was not well known. In this study, we analyzed the type, concentration and annual dynamic variation of phenolic acid in soil from three replanted apple orchards using an accelerated solvent extraction system with high performance liquid chromatography (ASE-HPLC). We found that the type and concentration of phenolic acid were significantly differed among different seasons, different sampling positions and different soil layers. Major types of phenolic acid in three replanted apple orchards were phlorizin, benzoic acid and vanillic aldehyde. The concentration of phenolic acid was highest in the soil of the previous tree holes and it was increased from the spring to autumn. Moreover, phenolic acid was primarily distributed in 30-60 cm soil layer in the autumn, while it was most abundant in 0-30 cm soil layer in the spring. Our results suggest that phlorizin, benzoic acid and vanillic aldehyde may be the key phenolic acid that brought about ARD in the replanted apple orchard.

SUBMITTER: Yin C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5132267 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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How to Plant Apple Trees to Reduce Replant Disease in Apple Orchard: A Study on the Phenolic Acid of the Replanted Apple Orchard.

Yin Chengmiao C Xiang Li L Wang Gongshuai G Wang Yanfang Y Shen Xiang X Chen Xuesen X Mao Zhiquan Z

PloS one 20161201 12

Apple replant disease (ARD) is an important problem in the production of apple. The phenolic acid is one of the causes of ARD. How phenolic acid affects the ARD was not well known. In this study, we analyzed the type, concentration and annual dynamic variation of phenolic acid in soil from three replanted apple orchards using an accelerated solvent extraction system with high performance liquid chromatography (ASE-HPLC). We found that the type and concentration of phenolic acid were significantl ...[more]

PMID: 27907081

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Project description:Background The root-associated microbiome has been of keen research interest especially in the last decade due to the large potential for increasing overall plant performance in agricultural systems. Studies about spatio-temporal variation of the root-associated microbiome focused so far primarily on community-compositional changes of annual plants, while little is known about their perennial counterparts. The aim of this work was to get deep insight into the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of the root associated microbiota of apple trees. Results The bacterial community structure in rhizospheric soil and endospheric root material from orchard-grown apple trees was characterized based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. At the small scale, the rhizosphere and endosphere bacterial communities shifted gradually with increasing root size diameter (PERMANOVA R2-values up to 0.359). At the larger scale, bulk soil heterogeneity introduced variation between tree individuals, especially in the rhizosphere microbiota, while the presence of a root pathogen was contributing to tree-to-tree variation in the endosphere microbiota. Moreover, the communities of both compartments underwent seasonal changes and displayed year-to-year variation (PERMANOVA R2-values of 0.454 and 0.371, respectively). Conclusions The apple tree root-associated microbiota can be spatially heterogeneous at field scale due to soil heterogeneities, which particularly influence the microbiota in the rhizosphere soil, resulting in tree-to-tree variation. The presence of pathogens can contribute to this variation, though primarily in the endosphere microbiota. Smaller-scale spatial heterogeneity is observed in the rhizosphere and endosphere microbiota related to root diameter, likely influenced by root traits and processes such as rhizodeposition. The microbiota is also subject to temporal variation, including seasonal effects and annual variation. As a consequence, responses of the tree root microbiota to further environmental cues should be considered in the context of this spatio-temporal variation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40793-022-00427-z.

Project description:BackgroundApple replant disease (ARD) is a syndrome that occurs in areas where apple plants or closely related species have been previously cultivated. Even though ARD is a well-known phenomenon, which has been observed in different regions worldwide and occurs independent of the soil type, its causes still remain unclear.ResultsAs expected, the biomass of plants grown in replant soil was significantly lower compared to those grown in control (virgin) soil. A shotgun metagenome analysis showed a clear differentiation between the rhizosphere and bulk soil compartments independent from the soil used. However, significant differences associated with apple replant disease were only observed in the rhizosphere compartment, for which we detected changes in the abundance of major bacterial genera. Interestingly, reads assigned to Actinobacteria were significantly reduced in relative abundance in rhizosphere samples of the soil affected by replant disease. Even though reads assigned to pathogenic fungi were detected, their relative abundance was low and did not differ significantly between the two different soils. Differences in microbiome structure also resulted in shifts in functional pattern. We observed an increase in genes related to stress sensing in the rhizosphere of soils affected by replant disease, whereas genes linked to nutrient sensing and uptake dominated in control soils. Moreover, we observed a lower abundance of genes coding for enzymes which trigger the degradation of aromatic compounds in rhizosphere of soils affected by replant disease, which is probably connected with higher concentration of phenolic compounds, generally associated with disease progression.ConclusionsOur study shows, for the first time, how apple replanting affects soil functioning by altering the soil microbiome. Particularly, the decrease in the abundance of genes which code for enzymes catalyzing the degradation of aromatic compounds, observed in the rhizosphere of plants grown in soil affected by apple replant disease, is of interest. Apple rootstocks are known to synthetize many phenolic compounds, including defense related phytoalexins, which have been considered for long to be connected with the emergence of replant disease. The knowledge gained in this study might help to develop targeted strategies to overcome or at least reduce the effects of ARD symptoms.

Project description:BackgroundThe normal growth of Rehmannia glutinosa, a widely used medicinal plant in China, is severely disturbed by replant disease. The formation of replant disease commonly involves interactions among plants, allelochemicals and microbes; however, these relationships remain largely unclear. As a result, no effective measures are currently available to treat replant disease.ResultsIn this study, an integrated R. glutinosa transcriptome was constructed, from which an R. glutinosa protein library was obtained. iTRAQ technology was then used to investigate changes in the proteins in replanted R. glutinosa roots, and the proteins that were expressed in response to replant disease were identified. An integrated R. glutinosa transcriptome from different developmental stages of replanted and normal-growth R. glutinosa produced 65,659 transcripts, which were accurately translated into 47,818 proteins. Using this resource, a set of 189 proteins was found to be significantly differentially expressed between normal-growth and replanted R. glutinosa. Of the proteins that were significantly upregulated in replanted R. glutinosa, most were related to metabolism, immune responses, ROS generation, programmed cell death, ER stress, and lignin synthesis.ConclusionsBy integrating these key events and the results of previous studies on replant disease formation, a new picture of the damaging mechanisms that cause replant disease stress emerged. Replant disease altered the metabolic balance of R. glutinosa, activated immune defence systems, increased levels of ROS and antioxidant enzymes, and initiated the processes of cell death and senescence in replanted R. glutinosa. Additionally, lignin deposition in R. glutinosa roots that was caused by replanting significantly inhibited tuberous root formation. These key processes provide important insights into the underlying mechanisms leading to the formation of replant disease and also for the subsequent development of new control measures to improve production and quality of replanted plants.

Project description:Apple replant disease (ARD) is a serious threat to producers of apple trees and fruits worldwide. The ARD etiology is not unraveled and managing options are either economically not applicable or environmentally harmful. Thus, interest is given in biomarkers that allow to indicate ARD situations at early time points in order to classify soils according to ARD severity but also to analyze the effectiveness to potential countermeasures. This study aimed at (i) identifying ARD biomarkers on the transcriptional level in root tissue by analyzing the expression of previously identified candidate genes in ARD soils of different origin and texture and (ii) testing the specificity of these marker genes to ARD. In vitro propagated M26 plantlets were submitted to a bio-test with three ARD soils, either untreated or disinfected by γ-irradiation. Expression of seven candidate genes identified in a previous transcriptomic study was investigated by RT-qPCR in a time course experiment. Already three days after planting, a prominent upregulation of the phytoalexin biosynthesis genes biphenyl synthase 3 (BIS3) and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase (B4Hb) was observed in the untreated ARD variants of all three soils. The phytoalexin composition in roots was comparable for all three soils and the total phytoalexin content correlated with the expression of BIS3 and B4Hb. The third promising candidate gene that was upregulated under ARD conditions was the ethylene-responsive transcription factor 1B-like (ERF1B). In a second experiment M26 plantlets were exposed to different abiotic stressors, namely heat, salt and nutrient starvation, and candidate gene expression was determined in the roots. The expression levels of BIS3 and B4Hb were highly and specifically upregulated in ARD soil, but not upon the abiotic stress conditions, whereas ERF1B also showed higher expression under heat stress. In conclusion, BIS3 and B4Hb are recommended as early ARD biomarkers due to their high expression levels and their high specificity.

Project description:Apple replant disease (ARD) is a severe problem in apple production worldwide. It is caused by a complex of soil biota, leading to small discolorated roots, as well as increased biosynthesis of phytoalexins, total phenolic compounds and antioxidants. We sampled soil from randomized field plots with either apple trees affected by ARD, which were five times replanted every second year, or with healthy trees growing in plots, which had a grass cover during this period. We investigated the contribution of nematodes to ARD by dissecting the soil biota from plots infested with ARD and non-infested control plots into a nematode and a microbe fraction. Nematode communities significantly differed between ARD and control soil as revealed by high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA genes. Plant-parasitic nematodes were too low in abundance to explain root damage, and did not significantly differ between ARD and control soil. Their separate and synergistic effect on ARD symptoms of susceptible M26 apple rootstocks was analyzed 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation in three greenhouse experiments. Inoculants were either nematodes from ARD plots (NARD), NARD plus microbes from ARD plots (MARD), NARD plus microbes from control plots (MCon), nematodes from control plots NCon plus MARD, NCon plus MCon, MARD, or MCon, or non-inoculated control. In all three experiments, the combination NARD plus MARD had the strongest adverse effect on the plants, with respect to growth parameters of shoots and roots, total phenolic compounds and phytoalexins in roots, and antioxidants in leaves. NARD also induced ARD but less than NARD plus MARD. NARD plus MCon had delayed effects on the plants compared to NARD plus MARD, suggesting that detrimental nematode-microbe interactions built up with time. Effects of MARD or NCon plus MARD were minor or not distinguishable from those of MCon or non-inoculated control. Overall, the source of the inoculated nematodes -ARD or control soil- and the interaction between ARD nematodes and microbes were highly significant factors determining ARD. In conclusion, exploring the associations of nematodes and microbes in ARD soils will give the chance to unravel the etiology of ARD.

Dataset Information

How to Plant Apple Trees to Reduce Replant Disease in Apple Orchard: A Study on the Phenolic Acid of the Replanted Apple Orchard.

Publications

How to Plant Apple Trees to Reduce Replant Disease in Apple Orchard: A Study on the Phenolic Acid of the Replanted Apple Orchard.

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