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Identification of Flowering-Related Genes Responsible for Differences in Bolting Time between Two Radish Inbred Lines.

ABSTRACT: Late bolting after cold exposure is an economically important characteristic of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), an important Brassicaceae root vegetable crop. However, little information is available regarding the genes and pathways that govern flowering time in this species. We performed high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that determine the differences in flowering times between two radish lines, NH-JS1 (late bolting) and NH-JS2 (early bolting). In total, 71,188 unigenes were identified by reference-guided assembly, of which 309, 788, and 980 genes were differentially expressed between the two inbred lines after 0, 15, and 35 days of vernalization, respectively. Among these genes, 218 homologs of Arabidopsis flowering-time (Ft) genes were identified in the radish, and 49 of these genes were differentially expressed between the two radish lines in the presence or absence of vernalization treatment. Most of the Ft genes up-regulated in NH-JS1 vs. NH-JS2 were repressors of flowering, such as RsFLC, consistent with the late-bolting phenotype of NH-JS1. Although, the functions of genes down-regulated in NH-JS1 were less consistent with late-bolting characteristics than the up-regulated Ft genes, several Ft enhancer genes, including RsSOC1, a key floral integrator, showed an appropriate expression to the late-bolting phenotype. In addition, the patterns of gene expression related to the vernalization pathway closely corresponded with the different bolting times of the two inbred lines. These results suggest that the vernalization pathway is conserved between radish and Arabidopsis.

SUBMITTER: Jung WY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5145866 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Identification of Flowering-Related Genes Responsible for Differences in Bolting Time between Two Radish Inbred Lines.

Jung Won Yong WY Park Hyun Ji HJ Lee Areum A Lee Sang Sook SS Kim Youn-Sung YS Cho Hye Sun HS

Frontiers in plant science 20161209

Late bolting after cold exposure is an economically important characteristic of radish (<i>Raphanus sativus</i> L.), an important Brassicaceae root vegetable crop. However, little information is available regarding the genes and pathways that govern flowering time in this species. We performed high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that determine the differences in flowering times between two radish lines, NH-JS1 (late bolting) and NH-JS2 (early bolting). I ...[more]

PMID: 28018383

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Project description:Abstract Brassicaceae crops, which underwent whole-genome triplication during their evolution, have multiple copies of flowering-related genes. Interactions among multiple gene copies may be involved in flowering time regulation; however, this mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we performed comprehensive, high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis to identify candidate genes involved in the extremely late-bolting (LB) trait in radish. Then, we examined the regulatory roles and interactions of radish FLOWERING LOCUS C (RsFLC) paralogs, the main flowering repressor candidates. Seven flowering integrator genes, five vernalization genes, nine photoperiodic/circadian clock genes and eight genes from other flowering pathways were differentially expressed in the early-bolting (EB) cultivar ‘Aokubinagafuto’ and LB radish cultivar ‘Tokinashi’ under different vernalization conditions. In the LB cultivar, RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 expression levels were maintained after 40 days of cold exposure. Bolting time was significantly correlated with the expression rates of RsFLC1 and RsFLC2. Using the EB × LB F2 population, we performed association analyses of genotypes with or without 1910- and 1627-bp insertions in the first introns of RsFLC1 and RsFLC2, respectively. The insertion alleles prevented the repression of their respective FLC genes under cold conditions. Interestingly, genotypes homozygous for RsFLC2 insertion alleles maintained high RsFLC1 and RsFLC3 expression levels under cold conditions, and two-way analysis of variance revealed that RsFLC1 and RsFLC3 expression was influenced by the RsFLC2 genotype. Our results indicate that insertions in the first introns of RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 contribute to the late-flowering trait in radish via different mechanisms. The RsFLC2 insertion allele conferred a strong delay in bolting by inhibiting the repression of all three RsFLC genes, suggesting that radish flowering time is determined by epistatic interactions among multiple FLC gene copies. Understanding the mechanisms of flowering time regulation is important for plant biology and crop improvement. The genomes of the Brassicaceae crops, including Brassica(e.g. cabbage, turnip, rapeseed) and Raphanus(radish) are triplicated and their flowering may be regulated by interactions of replicated copies of flowering-related genes. This study revealed that the gene expression of the three copies of RsFLCgenes mainly contributed to the late-flowering in radish. In particular, the continuous expression of RsFLC2conferred a strong delay in flowering, possibly by inhibiting the repression of RsFLC1and RsFLC3.

Dataset Information

Identification of Flowering-Related Genes Responsible for Differences in Bolting Time between Two Radish Inbred Lines.

Publications

Identification of Flowering-Related Genes Responsible for Differences in Bolting Time between Two Radish Inbred Lines.

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