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Structure of the germline genome of Tetrahymena thermophila and relationship to the massively rearranged somatic genome.

ABSTRACT: The germline genome of the binucleated ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila undergoes programmed chromosome breakage and massive DNA elimination to generate the somatic genome. Here, we present a complete sequence assembly of the germline genome and analyze multiple features of its structure and its relationship to the somatic genome, shedding light on the mechanisms of genome rearrangement as well as the evolutionary history of this remarkable germline/soma differentiation. Our results strengthen the notion that a complex, dynamic, and ongoing interplay between mobile DNA elements and the host genome have shaped Tetrahymena chromosome structure, locally and globally. Non-standard outcomes of rearrangement events, including the generation of short-lived somatic chromosomes and excision of DNA interrupting protein-coding regions, may represent novel forms of developmental gene regulation. We also compare Tetrahymena's germline/soma differentiation to that of other characterized ciliates, illustrating the wide diversity of adaptations that have occurred within this phylum.

SUBMITTER: Hamilton EP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5182062 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Structure of the germline genome of <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i> and relationship to the massively rearranged somatic genome.

Hamilton Eileen P EP Kapusta Aurélie A Huvos Piroska E PE Bidwell Shelby L SL Zafar Nikhat N Tang Haibao H Hadjithomas Michalis M Krishnakumar Vivek V Badger Jonathan H JH Caler Elisabet V EV Russ Carsten C Zeng Qiandong Q Fan Lin L Levin Joshua Z JZ Shea Terrance T Young Sarah K SK Hegarty Ryan R Daza Riza R Gujja Sharvari S Wortman Jennifer R JR Birren Bruce W BW Nusbaum Chad C Thomas Jainy J Carey Clayton M CM Pritham Ellen J EJ Feschotte Cédric C Noto Tomoko T Mochizuki Kazufumi K Papazyan Romeo R Taverna Sean D SD Dear Paul H PH Cassidy-Hanley Donna M DM Xiong Jie J Miao Wei W Orias Eduardo E Coyne Robert S RS

eLife 20161128

The germline genome of the binucleated ciliate <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i> undergoes programmed chromosome breakage and massive DNA elimination to generate the somatic genome. Here, we present a complete sequence assembly of the germline genome and analyze multiple features of its structure and its relationship to the somatic genome, shedding light on the mechanisms of genome rearrangement as well as the evolutionary history of this remarkable germline/soma differentiation. Our results streng ...[more]

PMID: 27892853

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Project description:The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila is a model organism for molecular and cellular biology. Like other ciliates, this species has separate germline and soma functions that are embodied by distinct nuclei within a single cell. The germline-like micronucleus (MIC) has its genome held in reserve for sexual reproduction. The soma-like macronucleus (MAC), which possesses a genome processed from that of the MIC, is the center of gene expression and does not directly contribute DNA to sexual progeny. We report here the shotgun sequencing, assembly, and analysis of the MAC genome of T. thermophila, which is approximately 104 Mb in length and composed of approximately 225 chromosomes. Overall, the gene set is robust, with more than 27,000 predicted protein-coding genes, 15,000 of which have strong matches to genes in other organisms. The functional diversity encoded by these genes is substantial and reflects the complexity of processes required for a free-living, predatory, single-celled organism. This is highlighted by the abundance of lineage-specific duplications of genes with predicted roles in sensing and responding to environmental conditions (e.g., kinases), using diverse resources (e.g., proteases and transporters), and generating structural complexity (e.g., kinesins and dyneins). In contrast to the other lineages of alveolates (apicomplexans and dinoflagellates), no compelling evidence could be found for plastid-derived genes in the genome. UGA, the only T. thermophila stop codon, is used in some genes to encode selenocysteine, thus making this organism the first known with the potential to translate all 64 codons in nuclear genes into amino acids. We present genomic evidence supporting the hypothesis that the excision of DNA from the MIC to generate the MAC specifically targets foreign DNA as a form of genome self-defense. The combination of the genome sequence, the functional diversity encoded therein, and the presence of some pathways missing from other model organisms makes T. thermophila an ideal model for functional genomic studies to address biological, biomedical, and biotechnological questions of fundamental importance.

Dataset Information

Structure of the germline genome of Tetrahymena thermophila and relationship to the massively rearranged somatic genome.

Publications

Structure of the germline genome of <i>Tetrahymena thermophila</i> and relationship to the massively rearranged somatic genome.

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