Volatile anesthetics for lung protection: a bridge between operating rooms and intensive care units?
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Landoni G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5233472 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Indoor environments, where people spend most of their time, are characterized by a specific microbial community, the indoor microbiome. Most indoor environments are connected to the natural environment by high ventilation, but some habitats are more confined: intensive care units, operating rooms, cleanrooms and the international space station (ISS) are extraordinary living and working areas for humans, with a limited exchange with the environment. The purposes for confinement are different: a patient has to be protected from infections (intensive care unit, operating room), product quality has to be assured (cleanrooms), or confinement is necessary due to extreme, health-threatening outer conditions, as on the ISS. The ISS represents the most secluded man-made habitat, constantly inhabited by humans since November 2000 - and, inevitably, also by microorganisms. All of these man-made confined habitats need to be microbiologically monitored and controlled, by e.g., microbial cleaning and disinfection. However, these measures apply constant selective pressures, which support microbes with resistance capacities against antibiotics or chemical and physical stresses and thus facilitate the rise of survival specialists and multi-resistant strains. In this article, we summarize the available data on the microbiome of aforementioned confined habitats. By comparing the different operating, maintenance and monitoring procedures as well as microbial communities therein, we emphasize the importance to properly understand the effects of confinement on the microbial diversity, the possible risks represented by some of these microorganisms and by the evolution of (antibiotic) resistances in such environments - and the need to reassess the current hygiene standards.
| S-EPMC5061736 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundTreatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children is largely based on extrapolated knowledge obtained from adults and which varies between different hospitals. This study explores ventilation treatment strategies for children with ARDS in the Nordic countries, and compares these with international practice.MethodsIn October 2012, a questionnaire covering ventilation treatment strategies for children aged 1 month to 6 years of age with ARDS was sent to 21 large Nordic intensive care units that treat children with ARDS. Pre-terms and children with congenital conditions were excluded.ResultsEighteen of the 21 (86%) targeted intensive care units responded to the questionnaire. Fifty per cent of these facilities were paediatric intensive care units. Written guidelines existed in 44% of the units. Fifty per cent of the units frequently used cuffed endotracheal tubes. Ventilation was achieved by pressure control for 89% vs. volume control for 11% of units. Bronchodilators were used by all units, whereas steroids usage was 83% and surfactant 39%. Inhaled nitric oxide and high frequency oscillation were available in 94% of the units. Neurally adjusted ventilator assist was used by 44% of the units. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation could be started in 44% of the units.ConclusionVentilation treatment strategies for paediatric ARDS in the Nordic countries are relatively uniform and largely in accordance with international practice. The use of steroids and surfactant is more frequent than shown in other studies.
| S-EPMC6681019 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo describe the variation across neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in missed nursing care in disproportionately black and non-black-serving hospitals. To analyze the nursing factors associated with missing nursing care.Data sources/study settingSurvey of random samples of licensed nurses in four large U.S. states.Study designThis was a retrospective, secondary analysis of 1,037 staff nurses in 134 NICUs classified into three groups based on their percent of infants of black race. Measures included the average patient load, individual nurses' patient loads, professional nursing characteristics, nurse work environment, and nursing care missed on the last shift.Data collectionSurvey data from a Multi-State Nursing Care and Patient Safety Study were analyzed (39 percent response rate).Principal findingsThe patient-to-nurse ratio was significantly higher in high-black hospitals. Nurses in high-black NICUs missed nearly 50 percent more nursing care than in low-black NICUs. Lower nurse staffing (an additional patient per nurse) significantly increased the odds of missed care, while better practice environments decreased the odds.ConclusionsNurses in high-black NICUs face inadequate staffing. They are more likely to miss required nursing care. Improving staffing and workloads may improve the quality of care for the infants born in high-black hospitals.
| S-EPMC6056573 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionIn this present study, we aimed to assess whether care in resource-rich intensive care unit (ICU) was associated with lower ICU mortality compared with care in standard ICU.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used administrative data that are routinely collected in Japan. Using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database, we identified patients aged >15 years who were admitted to the ICU from April 2016 to March 2019. We defined resource-rich ICUs as ICUs with two or more intensivists as full-time employees, ≥20 m2 per ICU bed, and a medical engineer in the hospital 24 hours per day; other ICUs were categorized as standard ICUs. The primary outcome was ICU mortality. A generalized estimating equation approach with ICUs as the clusters was used to compare ICU mortality between the two groups.ResultsOf the 789,630 eligible patients from 458 ICUs, 237,138 (30%) were treated in the 111 resource-rich ICUs, whereas 552,492 (70%) were treated in the 347 standard ICUs. The crude ICU mortality rate was 3.6% (8443/237,138) among patients admitted to resource-rich ICUs, while it was 4.3% (23,490/552,492) among those admitted to standard ICUs. The results of the generalized estimating equation analysis showed that patients treated in resource-rich ICUs tended to have lower ICU mortality compared to patients treated in standard ICUs (difference, -0.4%; 95% confidence interval, -0.8%-0.0%).ConclusionsThe findings of this nationwide study suggest that, compared with care in standard ICUs, care in resource-rich ICUs is associated with lower ICU mortality. This study showed the overall effect of treatment in hospitals with resource-rich ICUs including intensivist staffing and greater hospital resources. Further studies are required to assess the effects of organizational factors on mortality.
| S-EPMC8580699 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPerioperative infections, particularly surgical site infections pose significant morbidity and mortality. Phagocytosis is a critical step for microbial eradication. We examined the effect of commonly used anesthetics on macrophage phagocytosis and its mechanism.MethodsThe effect of anesthetics (isoflurane, sevoflurane, propofol) on macrophage phagocytosis was tested using RAW264.7 mouse cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages, and THP-1 human cells. Either opsonized sheep erythrocytes or fluorescent labeled Escherichia coli were used as phagocytic objects. The activation of Rap1, a critical protein in phagocytosis was assessed using the active Rap1 pull-down and detection kit. To examine anesthetic binding site(s) on Rap1, photolabeling experiments were performed using azi-isoflurane and azi-sevoflurane. The alanine scanning mutagenesis of Rap1 was performed to assess the role of anesthetic binding site in Rap1 activation and phagocytosis.ResultsMacrophage phagocytosis was significantly attenuated by the exposure of isoflurane (50% reduction by 1% isoflurane) and sevoflurane (50% reduction by 1.5% sevoflurane), but not by propofol. Photolabeling experiments showed that sevoflurane directly bound to Rap1. Mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the sevoflurane binding site affected Rap1 activation and macrophage phagocytosis.ConclusionsWe showed that isoflurane and sevoflurane attenuated macrophage phagocytosis, but propofol did not. Our study showed for the first time that sevoflurane served as a novel small GTPase Rap1 inhibitor. The finding will further enrich our understanding of yet-to-be determined mechanism of volatile anesthetics and their off-target effects. The sevoflurane binding site was located outside the known Rap1 functional sites, indicating the discovery of a new functional site on Rap1 and this site would serve as a pocket for the development of novel Rap1 inhibitors.
| S-EPMC6508649 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purpose: To document the equipment, resource and bed capacity of Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in the Republic of Ghana.Materials and methods: Cross-sectional observational study of all operating ICUs in Ghana. Sixteen operating ICUs in 9 hospitals were identified and surveyed (13 adult and 3 pediatric ICUs).Results: There were a total of 113 adult and 36 pediatric ICU beds for a population of 30 million, (0.5 ICU beds per 100,000 people). The median number of staffed ICU beds and ventilators were 5 (IQR 4-6), and 4 (IQR 3-5) respectively. There were 2 pediatric and 6 adult intensivists practicing in the country. About half of the ICUs (56%) were staffed solely by non-intensivist providers. While there is adequate nursing support and availability of essential critical care medications, the current financing model for critical care delivery creates a significant barrier for most patients.Conclusion: Ghana has a significant shortage of critical care beds that are inequitably distributed across the country and a shortfall of intensivists to staff ICUs. A holistic approach that focuses on the key bottlenecks to quality improvement would be required to improve the capacity and quality of critical care delivery.
| S-EPMC7560159 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundBundled consent, the practice of obtaining anticipatory consent for a predefined set of intensive care unit procedures, increases the rate of informed consent conversations and incorporation of patients' wishes into medical decision-making without sacrificing patients' or surrogates' understanding. However, the adoption rate for this practice in academic and nonacademic centers in the United States is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the national prevalence of use of bundled consent in adult intensive care units and opinions related to bundled consent.MethodsA random sample of US hospitals with medical/surgical intensive care units was selected from the AHA [American Hospital Association] Guide. One intensive care unit provider (bedside nurse, nurse manager, or physician) from each hospital was asked to self-reportuse of per-procedure consent versus bundled consent, consent rate for intensive care unit procedures, and opinions about bundled consent.ResultsOf the 238 hospitals contacted, respondents from 100 (42%) completed the survey; 94% of respondents were nurses. The prevalence of bundled consent use was 15% (95% CI, 9%-24%). Respondents using per-procedure consent were more likely than those using bundled consent to self-report performing invasive procedures without consent. Users of bundled consent unanimously recommended the practice, and 49% of respondents using per-procedure consent reported interest in implementing bundled consent.ResultsBundled consent use is uncommon in academic and nonacademic intensive care units, most likely because of conflicting evidence about the effect on patients and surrogate decision makers. Future work is needed to determine if patients, family members, and providers prefer bundled consent over per-procedure consent.
| S-EPMC7565087 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe role of telemedicine in intensive care has been increasing steadily. Tele-intensive care unit (ICU) interventions are varied and can be used in different levels of treatment, often with direct implications for the intensive care processes. Although a substantial body of primary and secondary literature has been published on the topic, there is a need for broadening the understanding of the organizational factors influencing the effectiveness of telemedical interventions in the ICU.ObjectiveThis scoping review aims to provide a map of existing evidence on tele-ICU interventions, focusing on the analysis of the implementation context and identifying areas for further technological research.MethodsA research protocol outlining the method has been published in JMIR Research Protocols. This review follows the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews). A core research team was assembled to provide feedback and discuss findings.ResultsA total of 3019 results were retrieved. After screening, 25 studies were included in the final analysis. We were able to characterize the context of tele-ICU studies and identify three use cases for tele-ICU interventions. The first use case is extending coverage, which describes interventions aimed at extending the availability of intensive care capabilities. The second use case is improving compliance, which includes interventions targeted at improving patient safety, intensive care best practices, and quality of care. The third use case, facilitating transfer, describes telemedicine interventions targeted toward the management of patient transfers to or from the ICU.ConclusionsThe benefits of tele-ICU interventions have been well documented for centralized systems aimed at extending critical care capabilities in a community setting and improving care compliance in tertiary hospitals. No strong evidence has been found on the reduction of patient transfers following tele-ICU intervention.International registered report identifier (irrid)RR2-10.2196/19695.
| S-EPMC8600441 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Early identification of children at risk for cardiac arrest would allow for skill training associated with improved outcomes and provides a prevention opportunity. OBJECTIVE:Develop and assess a predictive model for cardiopulmonary arrest using data available in the first 4?h. METHODS:Data from PICU patients from 8 institutions included descriptive, severity of illness, cardiac arrest, and outcomes. RESULTS:Of the 10074 patients, 120 satisfying inclusion criteria sustained a cardiac arrest and 67 (55.9%) died. In univariate analysis, patients with cardiac arrest prior to admission were over 6 times and those with cardiac arrests during the first 4?h were over 50 times more likely to have a subsequent arrest. The multivariate logistic regression model performance was excellent (area under the ROC curve?=?0.85 and Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic, p?=?0.35). The variables with the highest odds ratio's for sustaining a cardiac arrest in the multivariable model were admission from an inpatient unit (8.23 (CI: 4.35-15.54)), and cardiac arrest in the first 4?h (6.48 (CI: 2.07-20.36). The average risk predicted by the model was highest (11.6%) among children sustaining an arrest during hours >4-12 and continued to be high even for days after the risk assessment period; the average predicted risk was 9.5% for arrests that occurred after 8 PICU days. CONCLUSIONS:Patients at high risk of cardiac arrest can be identified with routinely available data after 4?h. The cardiac arrest may occur relatively close to the risk assessment period or days later.
| S-EPMC6258339 | biostudies-literature