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Crystal structure of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase: insights into the mechanism of catalysis by a key enzyme for glutathione homeostasis.

ABSTRACT: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gammaGCS), a rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, plays a central role in glutathione homeostasis and is a target for development of potential therapeutic agents against parasites and cancer. We have determined the crystal structures of Escherichia coli gammaGCS unliganded and complexed with a sulfoximine-based transition-state analog inhibitor at resolutions of 2.5 and 2.1 A, respectively. In the crystal structure of the complex, the bound inhibitor is phosphorylated at the sulfoximido nitrogen and is coordinated to three Mg2+ ions. The cysteine-binding site was identified; it is formed inductively at the transition state. In the unliganded structure, an open space exists around the representative cysteine-binding site and is probably responsible for the competitive binding of glutathione. Upon inhibitor binding, the side chains of Tyr-241 and Tyr-300 turn, forming a hydrogen-bonding triad with the carboxyl group of the inhibitor's cysteine moiety, allowing this moiety to fit tightly into the cysteine-binding site with concomitant accommodation of its side chain into a shallow pocket. This movement is caused by a conformational change of a switch loop (residues 240-249). Based on this crystal structure, the cysteine-binding sites of mammalian and parasitic gammaGCSs were predicted by multiple sequence alignment, although no significant sequence identity exists between the E. coli gammaGCS and its eukaryotic homologues. The identification of this cysteine-binding site provides important information for the rational design of novel gammaGCS inhibitors.

SUBMITTER: Hibi T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC523444 | biostudies-literature | 2004 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Crystal structure of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase: insights into the mechanism of catalysis by a key enzyme for glutathione homeostasis.

Hibi Takao T Nii Hiroshi H Nakatsu Toru T Kimura Akira A Kato Hiroaki H Hiratake Jun J Oda Jun'ichi J

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20041011 42

Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gammaGCS), a rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, plays a central role in glutathione homeostasis and is a target for development of potential therapeutic agents against parasites and cancer. We have determined the crystal structures of Escherichia coli gammaGCS unliganded and complexed with a sulfoximine-based transition-state analog inhibitor at resolutions of 2.5 and 2.1 A, respectively. In the crystal structure of the complex, the bound inhibit ...[more]

PMID: 15477603

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Project description:We previously reported that the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS; EC 6.3.2.2), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, can be acutely inhibited approximately 20-40% by agonists of various signal transduction pathways in rat hepatocytes [Lu, Kuhlenkamp, Garcia-Ruiz and Kaplowitz (1991) J. Clin. Invest. 88, 260-269]. We have now examined the possibility that GCS is phosphorylated directly by activation of protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CMK). Phosphorylation of GCS was studied using both purified rat kidney GCS and cultured rat hepatocytes by immunoprecipitating the reaction product with specific rabbit anti-(rat GCS heavy subunit) (anti-GCS-HS) antibodies. All three kinases, PKA, PKC and CMK, phosphorylated rat kidney GCS-HS in a Mg(2+)-concentration-dependent manner, with the highest degree of phosphorylation occurring at 20 mM Mg2+. The maximum incorporation of phosphate in mol/mol of GCS was 1.17 for PKA, 0.70 for PKC and 0.62 for CMK. The degree of phosphorylation was correlated with the degree of loss of GCS activity, and no additional inhibition occurred when GCS was phosphorylated by all three kinases, suggesting that the kinases phosphorylated the same site(s). Phosphoamino analysis showed that all three kinases phosphorylated serine and threonine residues. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping demonstrated that all three kinases phosphorylated the same five peptides, both PKA and PKC phosphorylated two other peptides, and only PKA phosphorylated one additional peptide. Phosphorylation of GCS decreased its Vmax for cysteine and glutamate without changing its K(m). Finally, treatment of cultured rat hepatocytes with dibutyryl cAMP and phenylephrine significantly increased the phosphorylation of GCS, suggesting a potentially important physiological role. In summary, we have demonstrated that GCS is phosphorylated and suggest that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation may regulate GCS activity.

Project description:gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) is reported to catalyse the rate-limiting step in glutathione biosynthesis, and is a heterodimer composed of a catalytic subunit [heavy subunit (GCSh) of Mr 73000] and a regulatory subunit [light subunit (GCSl) of Mr 31000]. In the present study, we have demonstrated for the first time a potential role for GCSl in resistance towards doxorubicin and cadmium chloride. Addition of recombinant GCSl to HeLa cell extracts in vitro was found to result in an increase in GCS activity of between 2- and 3-fold. Transient transfections of COS-1 cells with the GCSl cDNA cause an increase in GCS activity of approx. 2-fold, and a small but significant (P=0.008) increase in glutathione levels from 126.9+/-4. 2 nmol/mg protein to 178.8+/-19.1 nmol/mg protein. We proceeded to make a HeLa cell line (LN73), which stably overexpresses GCSl. These cells overexpress GCSl approx. 20-fold above basal levels. LN73 was found to have a 2-fold increase in GCS activity (437.3+/-85.2 pmol/min per mg) relative to the control cell line, HL9 (213.4+/-71. 8 pmol/min per mg). In contrast with the transient transfections in COS-1 cells, stable overexpression of GCSl was found not to be associated with an increase in glutathione content. However, when the LN73 and HL9 cells were treated with the glutathione-depleting agent, diethylmaleate, the LN73 cells were found to have an enhanced ability to regenerate glutathione, compared with HL9 cells. The cell lines were treated with various anti-cancer drugs, and their cytotoxicity was examined. No obvious differences in toxicity were observed between the different cell lines following treatment with cisplatin and melphalan. The redox-cycling agent doxorubicin, however, was found to be more toxic (approx. 2-fold) to the HL9 cells than the LN73 cells. When the cells were treated with the carcinogenic transition-metal compound, cadmium chloride, LN73 cells were found to be approx. 3-fold more resistant than HL9 cells.

Dataset Information

Crystal structure of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase: insights into the mechanism of catalysis by a key enzyme for glutathione homeostasis.

Publications

Crystal structure of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase: insights into the mechanism of catalysis by a key enzyme for glutathione homeostasis.

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