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Contraction and stress-dependent growth shape the forebrain of the early chicken embryo.

ABSTRACT: During early vertebrate development, local constrictions, or sulci, form to divide the forebrain into the diencephalon, telencephalon, and optic vesicles. These partitions are maintained and exaggerated as the brain tube inflates, grows, and bends. Combining quantitative experiments on chick embryos with computational modeling, we investigated the biophysical mechanisms that drive these changes in brain shape. Chemical perturbations of contractility indicated that actomyosin contraction plays a major role in the creation of initial constrictions (Hamburger-Hamilton stages HH11-12), and fluorescent staining revealed that F-actin is circumferentially aligned at all constrictions. A finite element model based on these findings shows that the observed shape changes are consistent with circumferential contraction in these regions. To explain why sulci continue to deepen as the forebrain expands (HH12-20), we speculate that growth depends on wall stress. This idea was examined by including stress-dependent growth in a model with cerebrospinal fluid pressure and bending (cephalic flexure). The results given by the model agree with observed morphological changes that occur in the brain tube under normal and reduced eCSF pressure, quantitative measurements of relative sulcal depth versus time, and previously published patterns of cell proliferation. Taken together, our results support a biphasic mechanism for forebrain morphogenesis consisting of differential contractility (early) and stress-dependent growth (late).

SUBMITTER: Garcia KE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5260613 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Contraction and stress-dependent growth shape the forebrain of the early chicken embryo.

Garcia Kara E KE Okamoto Ruth J RJ Bayly Philip V PV Taber Larry A LA

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 20160815

During early vertebrate development, local constrictions, or sulci, form to divide the forebrain into the diencephalon, telencephalon, and optic vesicles. These partitions are maintained and exaggerated as the brain tube inflates, grows, and bends. Combining quantitative experiments on chick embryos with computational modeling, we investigated the biophysical mechanisms that drive these changes in brain shape. Chemical perturbations of contractility indicated that actomyosin contraction plays a ...[more]

PMID: 27639481

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Project description:Finding an effective muscle regeneration technique is a priority for regenerative medicine. It is known that the key factors determining tissue formation include cells, capable of proliferating and/or differentiating, a niche (surface) allowing their colonization and growth factors. The interaction between these factors, especially between the surface of the artificial niche and growth factors, is not entirely clear. Moreover, it seems that the use of a complex of complementary growth factors instead of a few strictly defined ones could increase the effectiveness of tissue maturation, including muscle tissue. In this study, we evaluated whether graphene oxide (GO) nanofilm, chicken embryo muscle extract (CEME), and GO combined with CEME would affect the differentiation and functional maturation of muscle precursor cells, as well as the ability to spontaneously contract a pseudo-tissue muscle. CEME was extracted on day 18 of embryogenesis. Muscle cells obtained from an 8-day-old chicken embryo limb bud were treated with GO and CEME. Cell morphology and differentiation were observed using different microscopy methods. Cytotoxicity and viability of cells were measured by lactate dehydrogenase and Vybrant Cell Proliferation assays. Gene expression of myogenic regulatory genes was measured by Real-Time PCR. Our results demonstrate that CEME, independent of the culture surface, was the main factor influencing the intense differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. The present results, for the first time, clearly demonstrated that the cultured tissue-like structure was capable of inducing contractions without externally applied impulses. It has been indicated that a small amount of CEME in media (about 1%) allows the culture of pseudo-tissue muscle capable of spontaneous contraction. The study showed that the graphene oxide may be used as a niche for differentiating muscle cells, but the decisive influence on the maturation of muscle tissue, especially muscle contractions, depends on the complexity of the applied growth factors.

Dataset Information

Contraction and stress-dependent growth shape the forebrain of the early chicken embryo.

Publications

Contraction and stress-dependent growth shape the forebrain of the early chicken embryo.

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