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Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows.

ABSTRACT: Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on the bacteria in rumen fluid, cecal digesta, and feces of dairy cows were determined using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and real-time quantitative PCR. Six non-lactating Holstein cows with cannulas in the rumen and cecum were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments. During the first 3 wk of each experimental period, cows received a control diet containing 70% forages on a dry matter (DM) basis. In wk 4 of each period, cows received one of three diets: (1) the control diet; (2) a diet in which 34% of the dietary DM was replaced with pellets of ground wheat and barley (GBSC); or (3) a diet in which 37% of dietary DM was replaced with pellets of ground alfalfa (APSC). Rumen fluid, cecal digesta and feces were collected on d 5 of wk 4 of each period and the composition of the bacterial community was studied. Rumen fermentation responses were reported in a companion study. Both SARA-inducing challenges resulted in similar digesta pH depressions (as shown by the companion study), and reduced bacterial richness and diversity in rumen fluid, but GBSC had the larger effect. None of the challenges affected these measures in cecal digesta, and only GBSC reduced bacterial richness and diversity in feces. Only GBSC reduced the abundance of Bacteroidetes in rumen fluid. Abundances of limited number of bacterial genera identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in the rumen, cecum and feces were affected by the GBSC. The APSC did not affect any of these abundances. Both challenges increased the abundances of several starch, pectin, xylan, dextrin, lactate, succinate, and sugar fermenting bacterial species in the rumen, cecum, and feces as determined by qPCR. Only GBSC increased that of Megasphaera elsdenii in the rumen. Both challenges decreased the abundance of Streptococcus bovis, and increased that of Escherichia coli, in cecal digesta and feces, with GBSC having the larger effect. These results showed that the SARA challenges caused moderate and reversible changes of the composition of the bacteria in the foregut and hindgut, with the greater changes observed during GBSC.

SUBMITTER: Plaizier JC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5265141 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows.

Plaizier Jan C JC Li Shucong S Tun Hein M HM Khafipour Ehsan E

Frontiers in microbiology 20170125

Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on the bacteria in rumen fluid, cecal digesta, and feces of dairy cows were determined using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and real-time quantitative PCR. Six non-lactating Holstein cows with cannulas in the rumen and cecum were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments. During the first 3 wk of each experimental period, cows received a control diet containing 70% forages on a dry matter (DM) basis. In wk 4 of each period, cows r ...[more]

PMID: 28179895

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Project description:Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) represents one of the most important digestive disorders in intensive dairy farms, and dairy cows are individually different in the severity of SARA risk. The objectives of the current study were to investigate differences in the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome in dairy cattle with different susceptibility to SARA. In the present study, 12 cows were initially enrolled in the experiment. Based on average ruminal pH, 4 cows with the lowest ruminal pH were assigned to the susceptible group (SUS, pH = 5.76, n = 4) and 4 cows with the highest ruminal pH assigned to the tolerant group (TOL, pH = 6.10, n = 4). Rumen contents from susceptible (SUS, n = 4) and tolerant (TOL, n = 4) dairy cows were collected through rumen fistula to systematically reveal the rumen microbial and metabolic alterations of dairy cows with different susceptibility to SARA using multi-omics approaches (16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolome). The results showed that despite being fed the same diet, SUS cows had lower ruminal pH and higher concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionate than TOL cows (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in dry matter intake, milk yield, and other milk compositions between the SUS and TOL groups (P > 0.05). The principal coordinates analysis based on the analysis of molecular variance indicated a significant difference in bacterial composition between the two groups (P = 0.01). More specifically, the relative abundance of starch-degrading bacteria (Prevotella spp.) was greater (P < 0.05), while the proportion of fiber-degrading bacteria (unclassified Ruminococcaceae spp., Ruminococcus spp., Papillibacter, and unclassified Family_XIII) was lower in the rumen of SUS cows compared with TOL cows (P < 0.05). Community analysis of protozoa showed that there were no significant differences in the diversity, richness, and community structure (P > 0.05). Metabolomics analysis revealed that the concentrations of organic acids (such as lactic acid), biogenic amines (such as histamine), and bacterial degradation products (such as hypoxanthine) were significantly higher in the SUS group compared to the TOL group (P < 0.05). These findings revealed that the higher proportion of starch-degrading bacteria/lower fiber-degrading bacteria in the rumen of SUS cows resulted in higher VFA-producing capacity, in particular propionate. This caused a disruption in metabolic homeostasis in the rumen which might be the reason for the higher susceptibility to SARA. Overall, these findings enhanced our understanding of the ruminal microbiome and metabolic changes in cows susceptible to SARA.

Project description:BackgroundHigh-yielding dairy cows are commonly fed high-grain rations. However, this can cause subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), a metabolic disorder in dairy cows that is usually accompanied by dysbiosis of the rumen microbiome. Postbiotics that contain functional metabolites provide a competitive niche for influential members of the rumen microbiome, may stabilize and promote their populations, and, therefore, may attenuate the adverse effects of SARA.MethodsThis study used a total of 32 rumen-cannulated lactating dairy cows, which were randomly assigned into four treatments: no SCFP (control), 14 g/d Original XPC (SCFPa), 19 g/d NutriTek (SCFPb-1X), and 38 g/d NutriTek (SCFPb-2X) (Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) from 4 weeks before until 12 weeks after parturition. Grain-based SARA challenges were conducted during week 5 (SARA1) and week 8 (SARA2) after parturition by replacing 20% dry matter of the base total mixed ration (TMR) with pellets containing 50% ground barley and 50% ground wheat. The DNA of rumen solids digesta was extracted and subjected to V3-V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The characteristics of rumen solids microbiota were compared between non-SARA (Pre-SARA1, week 4; Post-SARA1, week 7; and Post-SARA2, weeks 10 and 12) and SARA stages (SARA1/1, SARA1/2, SARA2/1, SARA2/2), as well as among treatments.ResultsBoth SARA challenges reduced the richness and diversity of the microbiota and the relative abundances of the phylum Fibrobacteres. Supplementation with SCFP promoted the growth of several fibrolytic bacteria, including Lachnospiraceae UCG-009, Treponema, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and unclassified Ruminococcaceae during the SARA challenges. These challenges also reduced the positive interactions and the numbers of hub taxa in the microbiota. The SCFPb treatment increased positive interactions among microbial members of the solids digesta and the number of hub taxa during the SARA and non-SARA stages. The SCFPb-2X treatment prevented changes in the network characteristics, including the number of components, clustering coefficient, modularity, positive edge percentage, and edge density of the microbiota during SARA challenges. These challenges reduced predicted carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism in microbiota, whereas SCFP supplementation attenuated those reductions.ConclusionsSupplementation with SCFP, especially the SCFPb-2X attenuated the adverse effects of grain-based SARA on the diversity and predicted functionality of rumen solids microbiota.

Project description:Simple Summary This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a high-dose vitamin E (VE) supplementation on rumen microorganisms and the blood metabolites of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induced by a high-grain diet in dairy cows, and to explore the mechanism of action through the combined analysis of the microbiome and metabolome. Our studies indicate that a high dose of VE can alleviate a series of adverse effects caused by SARA. Abstract The aim of this trial was to assess whether the supplementation of vitamin E (VE) in high-concentrate diets could improve the fermentation and blood metabolism in the rumen of dairy cows, thereby modulating the degree of the subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) response and improving the performance. Seven Holstein cows (four fitted with ruminal cannulas) were fed three diets (total mixed rations) during three successive periods (each lasted for 18 d): (1) the control diet (CON); (2) a high-grain (HG) diet, which was the control diet supplied with a 15% finely ground wheat diet (FGW); and (3) a high-VE diet (HGE), which was the control diet provided with a 15% FGW and 12,000 IU of VE/head per day. The results indicated that VE was able to alleviate the reduction in the dry matter intake (DMI) and milk fat yield in cows caused by HG diets. The supplementation of VE significantly reduced the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), histamine (HIS), and the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) in the rumen. The supplementation of VE observably increased the antioxidant capacity of the milk and plasma. In addition, VE markedly reduced the plasma levels of endotoxin, HIS, and pro-inflammatory factors. The supplementation of VE significantly enriched the differential metabolites of the purine metabolism, cysteine, methionine metabolism, and ABC transporter synthesis pathway in the serum. The supplementation of VE also significantly increased the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum and decreased the relative abundance of Treponema, thus reducing the production of TVFA in the rumen. In conclusion, considering that the cows in this trial had high ketone levels (BHBA > 2.3 mmol/L), we found that VE could improve the rumen fermentation and blood metabolism by modulating the relative abundance of rumen microorganisms, thereby mitigating a range of adverse effects caused by SARA.

Project description:Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a major metabolic disease in lactating dairy cows caused by the excessive intake of high-concentrate diets. Here, we investigated the synergistic responses of rumen bacteria and epithelium to high-grain (HG)-induced SARA. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 2 groups for a 3-week experiment and fed either a conventional (CON) diet or an HG diet. The results showed that the HG-feeding cows had a thickened rumen epithelial papilla with edge injury and a decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results demonstrated that HG feeding caused changes in rumen bacterial structure and composition, which further altered rumen fermentation and metabolism. Cooccurrence network analysis revealed that the distribution of the diet-sensitive bacteria responded to the treatment (CON or HG) and that all diet-sensitive amplicon sequence variants showed low to medium degrees of cooccurrence. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the endothelial permeability-increasing factor prostaglandin E1 and the polyamine synthesis by-product 5'-methylthioadenosine were enriched under HG feeding. Transcriptome analysis suggested that cholesterol biosynthesis genes were upregulated in the rumen epithelium of HG cows. The gene expression changes, coupled with more substrate being available (total volatile fatty acids), may have caused an enrichment of intracellular cholesterol and its metabolites. All of these variations could coordinately stimulate cell proliferation, increase membrane permeability, and trigger epithelial inflammation, which eventually disrupts rumen homeostasis and negatively affects cow health. IMPORTANCE Dairy cows are economically important livestock animals that supply milk for humans. The cow's rumen is a complex and symbiotic ecosystem composed of diverse microorganisms, which has evolved to digest high-fiber diets. In modern dairy production, SARA is a common health problem due to overfeeding of high-concentrate diets for an ever-increasing milk yield. Although extensive studies have been conducted on SARA, it remains unclear how HG feeding affects rumen cross talk homeostasis. Here, we identified structural and taxonomic fluctuation for the rumen bacterial community, an enrichment of certain detrimental metabolites in rumen fluid, and a general upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes in the rumen epithelium of HG-feeding cows by multi-omics analysis. Based on these results, we propose a speculation to explain cellular events of coordinated rumen bacterial and epithelial adaptation to HG diets. Our work provides new insights into the exploitation of molecular regulation strategies to treat and prevent SARA.

Dataset Information

Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows.

Publications

Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows.

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