Dataset Information

Evidence toads may modulate landing preparation without predicting impact time.

ABSTRACT: Within anurans (frogs and toads), cane toads (Bufo marinus) perform particularly controlled landings in which the forelimbs are exclusively used to decelerate and stabilize the body after impact. Here we explore how toads achieve dynamic stability across a wide range of landing conditions. Specifically, we suggest that torques during landing could be reduced by aligning forelimbs with the body's instantaneous velocity vector at impact (impact angle). To test whether toad forelimb orientation varies with landing conditions, we used high-speed video to collect forelimb and body kinematic data from six animals hopping off platforms of different heights (0, 5 and 9?cm). We found that toads do align forelimbs with the impact angle. Further, toads align forelimbs with the instantaneous velocity vector well before landing and then track its changes until touchdown. This suggests that toads may be prepared to land well before they hit the ground rather than preparing for impact at a specific moment, and that they may use a motor control strategy that allows them to perform controlled landings without the need to predict impact time.

SUBMITTER: Cox SM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5278434 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Evidence toads may modulate landing preparation without predicting impact time.

Cox S M SM Gillis Gary G

Biology open 20170115 1

Within anurans (frogs and toads), cane toads (Bufo marinus) perform particularly controlled landings in which the forelimbs are exclusively used to decelerate and stabilize the body after impact. Here we explore how toads achieve dynamic stability across a wide range of landing conditions. Specifically, we suggest that torques during landing could be reduced by aligning forelimbs with the body's instantaneous velocity vector at impact (impact angle). To test whether toad forelimb orientation var ...[more]

PMID: 27895052

Similar Datasets

Project description:Recent developments in digital computational pathology support not only classical cell density based tumor characterization, but also a more comprehensive analysis of the spatial cell organization in the tumor immune microenvironment (TiME). Leveraging that methodology in the current study, we tried to address the question of how the distribution of myeloid cells in TiME of primary colorectal cancer (CRC) affects the function and location of cytotoxic T cells. We applied multicolored immunohistochemistry to identify monocytic (CD11b/CD14) and neutrophilic (CD11b/CD15) myeloid cell populations together with proliferating and non-proliferating cytotoxic T cells (Ki67/CD8). Through automated object detection and image registration using HALO software (IndicaLab), we applied dedicated spatial statistics to measure the extent of overlap between the areas occupied by myeloid and T cells. With this approach, we observed distinct spatial organizational patterns of immune cells in tumors obtained from 74 treatment-naive CRC patients. Detailed analysis of inter-cell distances and myeloid-T cell spatial overlap combined with integrated gene expression data allowed to stratify patients irrespective of their mismatch repair (MMR) status or consensus molecular subgroups (CMS) classification. In addition, generation of cell distance-derived gene signatures and their mapping to the TCGA data set revealed associations between spatial immune cell distribution in TiME and certain subsets of CD8 and CD4 T cells. Presented study sheds a new light on myeloid and T cell interactions in TiME in CRC patients. Our results show that CRC tumors present distinct distribution patterns of not only T effector cells but also tumor resident myeloid cells, stressing out the necessity of more comprehensive characterization of TiME in order to better predict cancer prognosis. This research emphasizes the importance of multimodal approach combining computational pathology with its detailed spatial statistics and gene expression profiling. Finally, our study presents a novel approach to cancer patients characterization that can potentially be used to develop new immunotherapy strategies, not based on classical biomarkers related to CRC biology.

Dataset Information

Evidence toads may modulate landing preparation without predicting impact time.

Publications

Evidence toads may modulate landing preparation without predicting impact time.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets