Dataset Information

Relationships between GAT1 and PTSD, Depression, and Substance Use Disorder.

ABSTRACT: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have large public health impacts. Therefore, researchers have attempted to identify those at greatest risk for these phenotypes. PTSD, MDD, and SUD are in part genetically influenced. Additionally, genes in the glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system are implicated in the encoding of emotional and fear memories, and thus may impact these phenotypes. The current study examined the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in GAT1 individually, and at the gene level, using a principal components (PC) approach, with PTSD, PTSD comorbid with MDD, and PTSD comorbid with SUD in 486 combat-exposed veterans. Findings indicate that several GAT1 SNPs, as well as one of the GAT1 PCs, was associated with PTSD, with and without MDD and SUD comorbidity. The present study findings provide initial insights into one pathway by which shared genetic risk influences PTSD-MDD and PTSD-SUD comorbidities, and thus identify a high-risk group (based on genotype) on whom prevention and intervention efforts should be focused.

SUBMITTER: Bountress KE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5297295 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Relationships between GAT1 and PTSD, Depression, and Substance Use Disorder.

Bountress Kaitlin E KE Wei Wei W Sheerin Christina C Chung Dongjun D Amstadter Ananda B AB Mandel Howard H Wang Zhewu Z

Brain sciences 20170105 1

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have large public health impacts. Therefore, researchers have attempted to identify those at greatest risk for these phenotypes. PTSD, MDD, and SUD are in part genetically influenced. Additionally, genes in the glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system are implicated in the encoding of emotional and fear memories, and thus may impact these phenotypes. The current study examined the ...[more]

PMID: 28067785

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Project description:Objective: Many women receiving substance use treatment report histories of interpersonal violence (IV) victimization, including physical and sexual assault. IV is a risk factor for mental and behavioral health difficulties such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Consistent with the self-medication hypothesis, PTSD may explain elevated SUD among IV survivors. Yet, few studies have investigated whether PTSD may have differential mediating effects for different substances, which has significant treatment implications. Methods: In 124 women (M age = 35.37, SD = 11.90) in substance use treatment, we examined PTSD symptoms as a mediator between IV and severity of different types of substance use, including alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid use. Participants completed self-report measures including the ASSIST, PCL-5, and LEC-5. Data were analyzed using path analysis in Mplus 8.3. Both dichotomous and continuous outcomes of problematic substance use outcomes were examined. Results: Most women (53.3%) reported problematic substance use with at least one substance, including opioids (39.7%), cocaine (13.0%), alcohol (9.6%), and cannabis (5.6%). Most (83.2%) of the sample reported at least one IV incident. On average, women reported clinically significant PTSD symptom severity. When problematic substance use was examined dichotomously, findings revealed significant indirect effects from IV exposure to opioid (β = 0.10, p = .010) and cocaine use (β = 0.07, p = .039) via elevated PTSD symptoms. There were no significant indirect effects for problematic alcohol (β = 0.03, p = .260) or cannabis use (β = 0.02, p = .562). When substance use was examined continuously, results revealed significant indirect effects from IV exposure to opioid (β = 0.09, p = .017), cocaine use (β = 0.09, p = .015), and alcohol use (β = 0.08, p = .020) via elevated PTSD symptoms. Indirect effects for cannabis use remained nonsignificant (β = 0.05, p = .100). Conclusions: IV survivors may be particularly at risk for opioid and cocaine misuse because of elevated PTSD symptoms. Treatments that integrate PTSD and SUD are needed to simultaneously target traumatic stress and substance use. Women with opioid and cocaine misuse may particularly benefit from trauma-focused exposure-based psychotherapy to reduce symptoms of PTSD, and thus, decrease opioid and cocaine misuse.

Project description:Low attendance in psychotherapy, particularly among individuals with comorbid disorders, is a pervasive challenge. The present study examined predictors of treatment attendance in a sample of veterans with depression, substance use disorder, and trauma.This is an analysis of data collected as part of a larger clinical trial involving outpatients at a Veterans Administration dual diagnosis clinic. Individuals were excluded if they had significant memory deficits, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or substantial travel constraints. Participants (N = 146) received 12 weeks of group-delivered integrated cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and substance use, followed by randomization to 12 additional weeks of individually delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 62) or cognitive processing therapy (n = 61) modified to address substance use and trauma. Participants, therapists, and researchers were not blinded to group assignment. For this study, we included only the 123 participants who were randomized into the second phase, analyzing predictors of treatment attendance categorized into predisposing factors, enabling factors, and need factors.Participants were primarily male (89%) and Caucasian (76%) and averaged 47 years old (SD = 12). Forty-four percent had alcohol use disorder, 16% had drug use disorder, and 40% had polysubstance use disorder. Most met criteria for PTSD (82%), with 44% having combat-related trauma, 33% sexual trauma, and 28% other trauma. Treatment attendance did not differ between groups. More education was associated with increased group (r = .19, p = .04) and individual session attendance (r = .28, p = .002). Individuals with chronic housing problems attended fewer group sessions (r = -.19, p = .04), while individuals with sexual trauma, compared to those with other traumas, attended more individual sessions (r = .23, p = .01). Number of group sessions attended was positively associated with individual session attendance.Few variables were significantly predictive of treatment attendance, possibly due to the complex nature of comorbid disorders. Including a focus on trauma was not associated with lower attendance. Special consideration may need to be given to education level, homelessness, and trauma when trying to engage and retain patients with comorbid disorders in treatment. This clinical trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00958217.

Project description:BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) often co-occur in adolescent patients. Previous research has shown that these patients differ from SUD patients without PTSD in terms of their substance use patterns. In this study, we aimed to test whether substance use in this population is related to an attempt to self-medicate PTSD-related symptoms.MethodsGerman adolescent patients (aged 13-18 years) at an outpatient clinic for SUD treatment, n = 111 (43% female), completed a self-designed questionnaire on use motives, a measure of PTSD-related experiences, and underwent a standardized psychiatric interview including structured substance use questions. Participants were subsequently classified as 'no traumatic experiences ('noTEs' but SUD), 'traumatic experiences but no current PTSD diagnosis' ('TEs' with SUD), and 'PTSD' with SUD. After establishing a self-designed motive measurement through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we calculated non-parametric group differences and a mediation analysis in a linear regression framework.ResultsThe past-year frequency of MDMA use was highest in the PTSD group and lowest in the noTE group (H (2) = 7.2, p = .027, η2 = .058), but no differences were found for frequencies of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, or stimulant use (all H ≤ 4.9, p ≥ .085, η2 ≤ .033). While controlling for sex, the three groups showed a similar pattern (highest in the PTSD group and lowest in the noTE group) for coping scores (F (103) = 5.77, p = .004, η2 = .101). Finally, mediation analyses revealed an indirect effect of coping score (b = 0.61, 95% CI [0.29, 1.58], p = .145) on the association between group membership and MDMA use frequency.ConclusionsIn adolescent SUD patients, we found an association of current PTSD and lifetime traumatic experiences with higher MDMA use that could be partially explained by substance use being motivated by an attempt to cope with mental health symptoms. This indicates a coping process involved specifically in MDMA use compared to the use of other psychoactive substances, possibly due to unique psychoactive effects of MDMA.

Dataset Information

Relationships between GAT1 and PTSD, Depression, and Substance Use Disorder.

Publications

Relationships between GAT1 and PTSD, Depression, and Substance Use Disorder.

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