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Chronic signaling via the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 induces macrophage granuloma formation and marks sarcoidosis progression.

ABSTRACT: The aggregation of hypertrophic macrophages constitutes the basis of all granulomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis, and is decisive for disease pathogenesis. However, macrophage-intrinsic pathways driving granuloma initiation and maintenance remain elusive. We found that activation of the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 in macrophages by deletion of the gene encoding tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) was sufficient to induce hypertrophy and proliferation, resulting in excessive granuloma formation in vivo. TSC2-deficient macrophages formed mTORC1-dependent granulomatous structures in vitro and showed constitutive proliferation that was mediated by the neo-expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Moreover, mTORC1 promoted metabolic reprogramming via CDK4 toward increased glycolysis while simultaneously inhibiting NF-?B signaling and apoptosis. Inhibition of mTORC1 induced apoptosis and completely resolved granulomas in myeloid TSC2-deficient mice. In human sarcoidosis patients, mTORC1 activation, macrophage proliferation and glycolysis were identified as hallmarks that correlated with clinical disease progression. Collectively, TSC2 maintains macrophage quiescence and prevents mTORC1-dependent granulomatous disease with clinical implications for sarcoidosis.

SUBMITTER: Linke M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5321578 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chronic signaling via the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 induces macrophage granuloma formation and marks sarcoidosis progression.

Linke Monika M Pham Ha Thi Thanh HT Katholnig Karl K Schnöller Thomas T Miller Anne A Demel Florian F Schütz Birgit B Rosner Margit M Kovacic Boris B Sukhbaatar Nyamdelger N Niederreiter Birgit B Blüml Stephan S Kuess Peter P Sexl Veronika V Müller Mathias M Mikula Mario M Weckwerth Wolfram W Haschemi Arvand A Susani Martin M Hengstschläger Markus M Gambello Michael J MJ Weichhart Thomas T

Nature immunology 20170116 3

The aggregation of hypertrophic macrophages constitutes the basis of all granulomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis, and is decisive for disease pathogenesis. However, macrophage-intrinsic pathways driving granuloma initiation and maintenance remain elusive. We found that activation of the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 in macrophages by deletion of the gene encoding tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) was sufficient to induce hypertrophy and proliferation, resulting in excessive gr ...[more]

PMID: 28092373

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Project description:The mechanisms underlying abnormal granuloma formation in patients with sarcoidosis are complex and remain poorly understood. A novel in vitro human granuloma model was used to determine the molecular mechanisms of granuloma genesis in patients with sarcoidosis in response to putative disease-causing mycobacterial antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with active sarcoidosis and from normal, disease-free control subjects were incubated for 7 days with purified protein derivative-coated polystyrene beads. Molecular responses, as reflected by differential expression of genes, extracellular cytokine patterns, and cell surface receptor expression, were analyzed. Unbiased systems biology approaches were used to identify signaling pathways engaged during granuloma formation. Model findings were compared with human lung and mediastinal lymph node gene expression profiles. Compared with identically treated PBMCs of control subjects (n = 5), purified protein derivative-treated sarcoidosis PBMCs (n = 6) were distinguished by the formation of cellular aggregates resembling granulomas. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differential expression gene patterns identified molecular pathways that are primarily regulated by IL-13, which promotes alternatively activated (M2) macrophage polarization. M2 polarization was further demonstrated by immunohistochemistry performed on the in vitro sarcoidosis granuloma-like structures. IL-13-regulated gene pathways were confirmed in human sarcoidosis lung and mediastinal lymph node tissues. The in vitro human sarcoidosis granuloma model provides novel insights into early granuloma formation, particularly IL-13 regulation of molecular networks that regulate M2 macrophage polarization. M2 macrophages are predisposed to aggregation and multinucleated giant cell formation, which are characteristic features of sarcoidosis granulomas. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01857401).

Dataset Information

Chronic signaling via the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 induces macrophage granuloma formation and marks sarcoidosis progression.

Publications

Chronic signaling via the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 induces macrophage granuloma formation and marks sarcoidosis progression.

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