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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis prevalence among nonsmokers in the hispanic community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

ABSTRACT: To describe self-reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its association with periodontitis prevalence in a diverse group of Hispanics/Latinos.Data came from 8675 lifetime nonsmokers in the 2008-2011 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Exposure to ETS was self-reported, while periodontitis was defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-American Academy of Periodontology criteria and the proportion of sites affected by clinical attachment level of ?3 mm or pocket depth of ?4 mm. Survey logistic regression estimated prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). In addition, we assessed whether greater hours of exposure to ETS in the past year was associated with greater periodontitis prevalence, and lastly, we conducted a simple sensitivity analysis of ETS misclassification.Age-standardized prevalence estimates (95% CI) for ETS exposure and periodontitis were 57.6% (55.9, 59.4) and 39.8% (38.1, 41.4), respectively. After adjusting for confounders and periodontitis risk factors, we estimated an overall adjusted POR (95% CI) for the ETS-periodontitis association as 1.09 (0.95-1.26) with a confidence limit ratio (CLR) of 1.34. This association varied in magnitude by Hispanic/Latino background, ranging from 1.04 (0.75, 1.43 with a CLR = 1.91) among Central Americans to 1.76 (1.16, 2.66 with a CLR = 2.29) in Puerto Ricans.Previously reported associations between ETS and periodontitis appear weak in this study. However, the magnitude of the association differs according to Hispanic/Latino background.

SUBMITTER: Akinkugbe AA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5340571 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis prevalence among nonsmokers in the hispanic community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Akinkugbe Aderonke A AA Sanders Anne E AE Preisser John S JS Cai Jianwen J Salazar Christian R CR Beck James D JD

Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 20161215 2

<h4>Objective</h4>To describe self-reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its association with periodontitis prevalence in a diverse group of Hispanics/Latinos.<h4>Methods</h4>Data came from 8675 lifetime nonsmokers in the 2008-2011 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Exposure to ETS was self-reported, while periodontitis was defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-American Academy of Periodontology criteria and the proportion of sites affec ...[more]

PMID: 27978596

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Project description:ObjectiveA systematic review was conducted to summarize the epidemiological evidence on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and prevalent periodontitis endpoints among nonsmokers.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Pro-Quest dissertations, and conference proceedings of a dental research association. We included studies from which prevalence odds ratios (POR) could be extracted for periodontitis determined by examiner measurements of clinical attachment level (CAL) and/or probing pocket depth (PD) or self-report of missing teeth. Studies determined ETS exposure by self-report or biomarker (cotinine) levels.ResultsFor studies reporting CAL and/or PD (n = 6), associations were stronger with cotinine-measured exposure (n = 3; random effects POR [95% prediction interval] = 1.63 (0.90, 2.96)) than self-reported exposure (n = 3; random effects POR = 1.15 (0.68, 1.96)). There was no meaningful difference in summary estimate for studies reporting CAL and/or PD endpoint (n = 6; random effects POR = 1.34 (0.93, 1.94)) as opposed to tooth loss (n = 2; random effects POR = 1.33 (0.52, 3.40)).ConclusionsThere appears to be a positive association between exposure to ETS and prevalent periodontitis endpoints among nonsmokers, the magnitude of which depended mostly on the method of ETS assessment.ImplicationsThe notoriety of ETS is often discussed in terms of its associations with cancer, chronic conditions like cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory illnesses in children. However, very little attention is paid to its association with oral diseases, especially periodontitis. Periodontitis affects a large proportion of the population and is a major cause of tooth loss. This study summarized the epidemiologic association between exposure to ETS and periodontitis among nonsmokers. Although the findings are consistent with a positive association, methodological weaknesses relating to study design, assessment of ETS, periodontitis, and adjustment covariates were highlighted and recommendations for improvement in future studies provided.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence is greater among Hispanics/Latinos than other racial/ethnic groups and prevalence is further reported to vary among Hispanic/Latino background groups. Experimental animal and human studies demonstrate associations between periodontitis and NAFLD, not yet reported among Hispanics/Latinos. This study examined periodontitis as a novel risk factor that may contribute to the burden of NAFLD among Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS:Data came from 11,914 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Periodontitis was defined as the extent (none, < 30%, ?30%) of periodontal sites with clinical attachment level (CAL) of ?3 mm or probing pocket depth (PD) of ?4 mm. Elevated serum transaminases indicative of suspected NAFLD were defined as having alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT) > 40 IU/L or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 37 IU/L for men and ALT > 31 IU/L or AST > 31 IU/L for women. Survey-logistic regression models estimated prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between periodontitis and suspected NAFLD. RESULTS:The overall age-standardized percentage of study participants with < 30% of sites with CAL ?3 mm or PD ?4 mm was 53.5% and 58.6%, respectively, while participants with ?30% sites with CAL ?3 mm or PD ?4 mm comprised 16% and 5.72%, respectively. The overall age-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of suspected NAFLD was 18.1% (17.1-19.0). For the entire cohort, we observed a dose-response (i.e. graded) association between PD ?4 mm and the prevalence odds of suspected NAFLD, whereby participants with < 30% affected had a crude POR = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.38) while participants with ?30% affected had a crude POR = 1.39 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.90). These crude estimates were attenuated toward the null and rendered non-significant upon covariate adjustment. No differences were found by Hispanic/Latino background group. CONCLUSION:Previously reported associations between periodontitis and NAFLD were marginal to null in this study of a diverse group of Hispanics/Latinos.

Project description:BackgroundHispanics and Latinos are an ethnically heterogeneous population with distinct oral health risk profiles. Few study investigators have examined potential variation in the burden of periodontitis according to Hispanic or Latino background.MethodsThe authors used a multicenter longitudinal population-based cohort study to examine the periodontal health status at screening (2008-2011) of 14,006 Hispanic and Latino adults, aged 18 to 74 years, from four U.S. communities who self-identified as Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American or South American. The authors present weighted, age-standardized prevalence estimates and corrected standard errors of probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL) and periodontitis classified according to the case definition established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology (CDC-AAP). The authors used a Wald χ(2) test to compare prevalence estimates across Hispanic or Latino background, age and sex.ResultsFifty-one percent of all participants had exhibited total periodontitis (mild, moderate or severe) per the CDC-AAP classification. Cubans and Central Americans exhibited the highest prevalence of moderate periodontitis (39.9 percent and 37.2 percent, respectively). Across all ages, Mexicans had the highest prevalence of PD across severity thresholds. Among those aged 18 through 44 years, Dominicans consistently had the lowest prevalence of AL at all severity thresholds.ConclusionsMeasures of periodontitis varied significantly by age, sex and Hispanic or Latino background among the four sampled Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos communities. Further analyses are needed to account for lifestyle, behavioral, demographic and social factors, including those related to acculturation.Practical implicationsAggregating Hispanics and Latinos or using estimates from Mexicans may lead to substantial underestimation or overestimation of the burden of disease, thus leading to errors in the estimation of needed clinical and public health resources. This information will be useful in informing decisions from public health planning to patient-centered risk assessment.

Project description:BackgroundWith an increase in indoor smoking bans, many smokers smoke outside establishments and near their entrances, which has become a public health concern.ObjectivesWe characterized the exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke (SHS) outside a restaurant and bar in Athens, Georgia, where indoor smoking is banned, using salivary cotinine and urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL).MethodsIn a crossover study, we assigned 28 participants to outdoor patios of a restaurant and a bar and an open-air site with no smokers on three weekend days; participants visited each site once and stayed for 3 hr. We collected saliva and urine samples immediately before and after the visits (postexposure) and on the following morning and analyzed samples for cotinine and total NNAL, respectively. Regression models were fitted and changes in biomarkers were contrasted between locations.ResultsPostexposure and preexposure geometric mean salivary cotinine concentrations differed by 0.115 ng/mL [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.105, 0.126)] and by 0.030 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.028, 0.031) for bar and restaurant visits, respectively. There were no significant post- and preexposure differences in cotinine levels after control site visits, and changes after bar and restaurant site visits were significantly different from changes after control site visits (p < 0.001). Results comparing next-day and preexposure salivary cotinine levels were similar. Next-day creatinine-corrected urinary NNAL concentrations also were higher than preexposure levels following bar and restaurant visits [1.858 pg/mg creatinine higher (95% CI: 0.897, 3.758) and 0.615 pg/mg creatinine higher (95% CI: 0.210, 1.761), respectively], and were significantly different from changes after the control visits (p = 0.005).ConclusionSalivary cotinine and urinary NNAL increased significantly in nonsmokers after outdoor SHS exposure. Our findings indicate that such exposures may increase risks of health effects associated with tobacco carcinogens.

Project description:The developing fetus is especially vulnerable to environmental toxicants, including tobacco constituents. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during pregnancy on child neurodevelopment within the first two years of life. The study population consisted of 461 non-smoking pregnant women (saliva cotinine level <10 ng/mL). Maternal passive smoking was assessed based on the cotinine level in saliva analyzed by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI + MS/MS) and by questionnaire data. The cotinine cut-off value for passive smoking was established at 1.5 ng/mL (sensitivity 63%, specificity 71%). Psychomotor development was assessed in children at the age of one- and two-years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Approximately 30% of the women were exposed to ETS during pregnancy. The multivariate linear regression model indicated that ETS exposure in the 1st and the 2nd trimesters of pregnancy were associated with decreasing child language functions at the age of one (? = -3.0, p = 0.03, and ? = -4.1, p = 0.008, respectively), and two years (? = -3.8, p = 0.05, and ? = -6.3, p = 0.005, respectively). A negative association was found for cotinine level ?1.5 ng/mL in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy and child cognition at the age of 2 (? = -4.6, p = 0.05), as well as cotinine levels ?1.5 ng/mL in all trimesters of pregnancy and child motor abilities at two years of age (? = -3.9, p = 0.06, ? = -5.3, p = 0.02, and ? = -4.2, p = 0.05, for the 1st, the 2nd, and the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, respectively; for the 1st trimester the effect was of borderline statistical significance). This study confirmed that ETS exposure during pregnancy can have a negative impact on child psychomotor development within the first two years of life and underscore the importance of public health interventions aiming at reducing this exposure.

Project description:Chronic periodontitis (CP) has a genetic component, particularly its severe forms. Evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) has highlighted several potential novel loci. Here, the authors report the first GWAS of CP among a large community-based sample of Hispanics/Latinos. The authors interrogated a quantitative trait of CP (mean interproximal clinical attachment level determined by full-mouth periodontal examinations) among 10,935 adult participants (mean age: 45 y, range: 18 to 76 y) from the Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos. Genotyping was done with a custom Illumina Omni2.5M array, and imputation to approximately 20 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms was based on the 1000 Genomes Project phase 1 reference panel. Analyses were based on linear mixed models adjusting for sex, age, study design features, ancestry, and kinship and employed a conventional P < 5 × 10-8 statistical significance threshold. The authors identified a genome-wide significant association signal in the 1q42.2 locus ( TSNAX-DISC1 noncoding RNA, lead single-nucleotide polymorphism: rs149133391, minor allele [C] frequency = 0.01, P = 7.9 × 10-9) and 4 more loci with suggestive evidence of association ( P < 5 × 10-6): 1q22 (rs13373934), 5p15.33 (rs186066047), 6p22.3 (rs10456847), and 11p15.1 (rs75715012). We tested these loci for replication in independent samples of European-American ( n = 4,402) and African-American ( n = 908) participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. There was no replication among the European Americans; however, the TSNAX-DISC1 locus replicated in the African-American sample (rs149133391, minor allele frequency = 0.02, P = 9.1 × 10-3), while the 1q22 locus was directionally concordant and nominally significant (rs13373934, P = 4.0 × 10-2). This discovery GWAS of interproximal clinical attachment level-a measure of lifetime periodontal tissue destruction-was conducted in a large, community-based sample of Hispanic/Latinos. It identified a genome-wide significant locus that was independently replicated in an African-American population. Identifying this genetic marker offers direction for interrogation in subsequent genomic and experimental studies of CP.

Dataset Information

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis prevalence among nonsmokers in the hispanic community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Publications

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis prevalence among nonsmokers in the hispanic community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

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