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Regulating retrotransposon activity through the use of alternative transcription start sites.


ABSTRACT: Retrotransposons, the ancestors of retroviruses, have the potential for gene disruption and genomic takeover if not kept in check. Paradoxically, although host cells repress these elements by multiple mechanisms, they are transcribed and are even activated under stress conditions. Here, we describe a new mechanism of retrotransposon regulation through transcription start site (TSS) selection by altered nucleosome occupancy. We show that Fun30 chromatin remodelers cooperate to maintain a high level of nucleosome occupancy at retrotransposon-flanking long terminal repeat (LTR) elements. This enforces the use of a downstream TSS and the production of a truncated RNA incapable of reverse transcription and retrotransposition. However, in stressed cells, nucleosome occupancy at LTR elements is reduced, and the TSS shifts to allow for productive transcription. We propose that controlled retrotransposon transcription from a nonproductive TSS allows for rapid stress-induced activation, while preventing uncontrolled transposon activity in the genome.

SUBMITTER: Persson J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5341516 | biostudies-literature | 2016 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Regulating retrotransposon activity through the use of alternative transcription start sites.

Persson Jenna J   Steglich Babett B   Smialowska Agata A   Boyd Mette M   Bornholdt Jette J   Andersson Robin R   Schurra Catherine C   Arcangioli Benoit B   Sandelin Albin A   Nielsen Olaf O   Ekwall Karl K  

EMBO reports 20160222 5


Retrotransposons, the ancestors of retroviruses, have the potential for gene disruption and genomic takeover if not kept in check. Paradoxically, although host cells repress these elements by multiple mechanisms, they are transcribed and are even activated under stress conditions. Here, we describe a new mechanism of retrotransposon regulation through transcription start site (TSS) selection by altered nucleosome occupancy. We show that Fun30 chromatin remodelers cooperate to maintain a high lev  ...[more]

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