Cellular and molecular defects in a patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5.
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SUBMITTER: Stephen J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5351877 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:In the last decade, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) has arisen as an instructive disorder for cell biologists to study the biogenesis of lysosome related organelles (LROs). Of the eight human HPS subtypes, only subtypes 1 through 5 are well described. AIM:To characterise extensively the HPS-6 subtype, caused by defects in HPS6, a subunit of the biogenesis of lysosome related organelles complex-2 (BLOC-2). METHODS:Mutation analysis for the HPS6 gene was performed on DNA from our group of unclassified HPS patients. The clinical phenotype of patients with HPS6 mutations was then carefully ascertained, and their cultured dermal melanocytes were employed for cellular immunofluorescence studies. RESULTS:Molecular studies showed a variety of mutations in the single exon HPS6 gene, including frame shift, missense, and nonsense mutations as well as a approximately 20 kb deletion spanning the entire HPS6 genomic region. Cellular studies revealed that the melanogenic proteins tyrosinase and tyrosinase related protein 1 failed to be efficiently delivered to the melanosomes of HPS-6 patients, explaining their hypopigmentation. Clinical studies indicated that HPS-6 patients exhibit oculocutaneous albinism and a bleeding diathesis. Importantly, granulomatous colitis and pulmonary fibrosis, debilitating features present in HPS subtypes 1 and 4, were not detected in our HPS-6 patients. CONCLUSION:The HPS-6 subtype resembles other BLOC-2 defective subtypes (that is, HPS-3 and HPS-5) in its molecular, cellular and clinical findings. These findings are not only important for providing a prognosis to newly diagnosed HPS-6 patients, but also for further elucidation of HPS function in the biogenesis of LROs.
| S-EPMC3500784 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding tendency, and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid-like material, with occasional development of interstitial pneumonia (IP). Nine genetically distinct subtypes of HPS are known in humans; IP develops primarily in types 1 and 4. Most reported cases of HPS with IP are type 1, and there are no published reports of type 4 in Japanese individuals. A 58-year-old man with congenital oculocutaneous albinism and progressive dyspnea for 1 month was admitted to our hospital. We administered high-dose corticosteroids on the basis of a diagnosis of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia. Respiratory symptoms and the findings of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) showed improvement. He was diagnosed with HPS type 4 with interstitial pneumonia on the basis of gene analysis. He has been receiving pirfenidone for 1 year and his condition is stable. This is the first report on the use of pirfenidone for HPS with IP caused by a novel mutation in the HPS4 gene. We conclude that HPS should be suspected in patients with albinism and interstitial pneumonia. High-dose corticosteroid treatment may be useful in cases of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia due to HPS-4, and pirfenidone may be useful and well tolerated in patients with HPS-4.
| S-EPMC3949545 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSomatic cells differentiated from patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be a useful tool in human cell-based disease research. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and a platelet dysfunction. HPS patients often suffer from lethal HPS associated interstitial pneumonia (HPSIP). Lung transplantation has been the only treatment for HPSIP. Lysosome-related organelles are impaired in HPS, thereby disrupting alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells with lamellar bodies. HPSIP lungs are characterized by enlarged lamellar bodies. Despite species differences between human and mouse in HPSIP, most studies have been conducted in mice since culturing human AT2 cells is difficult.MethodsWe generated patient-specific iPSCs from patient-derived fibroblasts with the most common bi-allelic variant, c.1472_1487dup16, in HPS1 for modeling severe phenotypes of HPSIP. We then corrected the variant of patient-specific iPSCs using CRISPR-based microhomology-mediated end joining to obtain isogenic controls. The iPSCs were then differentiated into lung epithelial cells using two different lung organoid models, lung bud organoids (LBOs) and alveolar organoids (AOs), and explored the phenotypes contributing to the pathogenesis of HPSIP using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.ResultsThe LBOs derived from patient-specific iPSCs successfully recapitulated the abnormalities in morphology and size. Proteomic analysis of AOs involving iPSC-derived AT2 cells and primary lung fibroblasts revealed mitochondrial dysfunction in HPS1 patient-specific alveolar epithelial cells. Further, giant lamellar bodies were recapitulated in patient-specific AT2 cells.ConclusionsThe HPS1 patient-specific iPSCs and their gene-corrected counterparts generated in this study could be a new research tool for understanding the pathogenesis of HPSIP caused by HPS1 deficiency in humans.
| S-EPMC8570015 | biostudies-literature
Project description:RationaleIndividuals with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 (HPS-1), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defective biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, develop an accelerated form of progressive fibrotic lung disease. The etiology of pulmonary fibrosis associated with HPS-1 is unknown.ObjectivesTo investigate the potential pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in HPS-1, lung cells and proteins from individuals with HPS-1 were studied.MethodsForty-one subjects with HPS-1 with and without pulmonary fibrosis were evaluated with pulmonary function tests, high-resolution computed tomography scan, and bronchoscopy. Bronchoalveolar lavage cells and analytes were analyzed.Measurements and main resultsConcentrations of total bronchoalveolar lavage cells and alveolar macrophages were significantly higher in epithelial lining fluid from subjects with HPS-1 with and without pulmonary fibrosis compared with healthy research volunteers. Concentrations of cytokines and chemokines (i.e., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in alveolar epithelial lining fluid were significantly higher in subjects with HPS-1 with and without pulmonary fibrosis compared with healthy research volunteers (P < 0.001). In vitro, HPS-1 pulmonary fibrosis alveolar macrophages, which did not express HPS1 mRNA, secreted significantly higher concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) protein compared with normal cells (P = 0.001, P = 0.014, and P = 0.011, respectively). Pirfenidone suppressed HPS-1 alveolar macrophage cytokine and chemokine secretion in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionsIn HPS-1, alveolar inflammation predominantly involves macrophages and is associated with high lung concentrations of cytokines and chemokines. HPS-1 alveolar macrophages provide a model system in which to study the pathogenesis and treatment of HPS pulmonary fibrosis.
| S-EPMC2784416 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a group of 10 autosomal recessive multisystem disorders, each defined by the deficiency of a specific gene. HPS-associated genes encode components of four ubiquitously expressed protein complexes: Adaptor protein-3 (AP-3) and biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) through -3. All individuals with HPS exhibit albinism and a bleeding diathesis; additional features occur depending on the defective protein complex. Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with AP-3 and BLOC-3 deficiency, immunodeficiency with AP-3 defects, and gastrointestinal symptoms are more prevalent and severe in BLOC-3 deficiency. Therefore, identification of the HPS subtype is valuable for prognosis, clinical management, and treatment options. The prevalence of HPS is estimated at 1-9 per 1,000,000. Here we summarize 264 reported and novel variants in 10 HPS genes and estimate that ~333 Puerto Rican HPS subjects and ~385 with other ethnicities are reported to date. We provide pathogenicity predictions for missense and splice site variants and list variants with high minor allele frequencies. Current cellular and clinical aspects of HPS are also summarized. This review can serve as a manifest for molecular diagnostics and genetic counseling aspects of HPS.
| S-EPMC8175076 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) develops from defects in the biogenesis and/or function of lysosome-related organelles essential to membrane and protein trafficking. Of the eight known human subtypes, only HPS-1 and HPS-4 develop pulmonary fibrosis in addition to the general clinical manifestations of oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding diathesis. We identified HPS-1 in three unrelated patients from different regions of India, who presented with iris transillumination, pale fundi, hypopigmentation, nystagmus, decreased visual acuity, and a bleeding diathesis. Two of these patients carried the homozygous mutation c.398+5G>A (IVS5+5G>A) in HPS1, resulting in skipping of exon 5 in HPS1 mRNA. The third patient carried a novel homozygous c.988-1G>T mutation that resulted in in-frame skipping of HPS1 exon 12 and removes 56 amino acids from the HPS1 protein. Given the discovery of HPS-1 in an ethnic group where oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is highly prevalent, it is possible that HPS in India is under-diagnosed. We recommend that unconfirmed OCA patients in this ethic group be considered for mutational screening of known HPS genes, in particular c.398+5G>A and c.980-1G>T, to ensure that patients can be monitored and treated for clinical complications unique to HPS.
| S-EPMC2694228 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by a bleeding diathesis and hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. Some HPS patients develop other complications such as granulomatous colitis and/or fatal pulmonary fibrosis. Eight genes have been associated with this condition, resulting in subtypes HPS-1 through HPS-8. The HPS gene products are involved in the biogenesis of specialized lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes and platelet delta granules. HPS1 and HPS4 form a stable complex named biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex (BLOC)-3, and patients with BLOC-3 or AP-3 deficiency develop pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, it is important to subtype each HPS patient. HPS type 1 (HPS-1) occurs frequently on the island of Puerto Rico because of a founder mutation. Here, we describe seven mutations, six of which, to our knowledge, are previously unreported in the HPS1, HPS4, and HPS5 genes among patients of Mexican, Uruguayan, Honduran, Cuban, Venezuelan, and Salvadoran ancestries. Our findings demonstrate that the diagnosis of HPS should be considered in Hispanic patients with oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding symptoms. Moreover, such patients should not be assumed to have the HPS-1 subtype typical of northwest Puerto Rican patients. We recommend molecular HPS subtyping in such cases, as it may have significant implications for prognosis and intervention.
| S-EPMC3213276 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and a bleeding diathesis due to platelet dysfunction. More than 50% of cases worldwide are diagnosed on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. Genetic testing plays a growing role in diagnosis; however, not all patients with HPS have identified genetic mutations. In Puerto Rico, patients with HPS are often identified shortly after birth by their albinism, although the degree of hypopigmentation is highly variable. Ten subtypes have been described. Patients with HPS-1, HPS-2, and HPS-4 tend to develop pulmonary fibrosis in Puerto Rico; 100% of patients with HPS-1 develop HPS-PF. HPS-PF and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are considered similar entities (albeit with distinct causes) because both can show similar histological disease patterns. However, in contrast to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, HPS-PF manifests much earlier, often at 30-40 years of age. The progression of HPS-PF is characterized by the development of dyspnea and increasingly debilitating hypoxemia. No therapeutic interventions are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HPS and HPS-PF. However, the approval of two new antifibrotic drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, has prompted new interest in identifying drugs capable of reversing or halting the progression of HPS-PF. Thus, lung transplantation remains the only potentially life-prolonging treatment. At present, two clinical trials are recruiting patients with HPS-PF to identify biomarkers for disease progression. Advances in the diagnosis and management of these patients will require the establishment of multidisciplinary centers of excellence staffed by experts in this disease.
| S-EPMC5466158 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The near-normalization of constitutive cytokine and matrix release following rescue by HPS1 transduction of HPM cells suggests that HPS-1 HuMCs may contribute to pulmonary fibrosis and constitute a target for therapeutic intervention. Microarray analysis of HPS-1 HuMCs and non-transduced HPM cells confirmed upregulation of differentially expressed genes involved in fibrogenesis and degranulation. Six HPS-1 patients and five healthy controls were studied following informed consent. One typical HPS-1 HuMC culture at 5-6 weeks was eventually overgrown by a population of smaller, rapidly dividing cells. Analysis of differential gene expression from 8 wk old control and HPS-1 HuMCs and HPM cells was performed using cDNA generated from cultured cells.
2016-07-01 | E-GEOD-83920 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a set of genetically heterogeneous diseases caused by mutations in one of nine known HPS genes. HPS patients display oculocutaneous hypopigmentation and bleeding diathesis and, depending on the disease subtype, pulmonary fibrosis, congenital nystagmus, reduced visual acuity, and platelet aggregation deficiency. Mouse models for all known HPS subtypes have contributed greatly to our understanding of the disease, but many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HPS remain unknown. Here, we characterize ocular defects in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) mutant snow white (snw), which possesses a recessive, missense mutation in hps5 (hps5I76N). Melanosome biogenesis is disrupted in snw/hps5 mutants, resulting in hypopigmentation, a significant decrease in the number, size, and maturity of melanosomes, and the presence of ectopic multi-melanosome clusters throughout the mutant retina and choroid. snw/hps5I76N is the first Hps5 mutation identified within the N-terminal WD40 repeat protein-protein binding domain. Through in vitro coexpression assays, we demonstrate that Hps5I76N retains the ability to bind its protein complex partners, Hps3 and Hps6. Furthermore, while Hps5 and Hps6 stabilize each other's expression, this stabilization is disrupted by Hps5I76N. The snw/hps5I76N mutant provides a valuable resource for structure-function analyses of Hps5 and enables further elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HPS.
| S-EPMC3781975 | biostudies-literature