Dataset Information

The Effects of 3 Weeks of Uphill and Downhill Walking on Blood Lipids and Glucose Metabolism in Pre-Diabetic Men: A Pilot Study.

ABSTRACT: The prevention of type 2 diabetes in persons at risk for diabetes is of utmost importance. Physical activity in general and even exercises at moderate intensities such as walking significantly reduce the risk of the development of type 2 diabetes. However, it is still a matter of debate whether lipids and glucose metabolism are differently affected by regular concentric (e.g., uphill walking) and eccentric (e.g., downhill walking) endurance exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term (3 weeks) uphill and downhill walking on glucose metabolism and blood lipids in pre-diabetic middle-aged men in a real world setting. The study was designed as an investigator-initiated 2 group random selection pre-test post-test trial. Sixteen pre-diabetic men (age: 56.9 ± 5.1 years; BMI: 28.1 ± 2.3 kg·m-2) performed 9 uphill (n = 8) or 9 downhill (n = 8) walking sessions within 3 weeks. The primary outcomes were the markers of glucose metabolism and blood lipids measured before and after the training period. After uphill walking glucose tolerance (area under the curve of the oral glucose tolerance test: -43.25 ± 53.12 mg·dl-1; p = 0.05; effect size: 0.81), triglycerides (-48.75 ± 54.49 mg·dl-1; p = 0.036; effect size: 0.89), HDL-C (+7.86 ± 9.54 mg·dl-1; p = 0.05; effect size: 0.82) and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (-0.58 ± 0.41; p = 0.012; effect size: 1.39) had significantly improved. No significant metabolic adaptations were found after downhill walking. However, when adjusted for estimated energy expenditure, uphill and downhill walking had equal effects on almost all metabolic parameters. Moreover, the magnitude of the baseline impairments of glucose tolerance was significantly related to the extent of change in both groups. Depending on the fitness level and individual preferences both types of exercise may be useful for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and disorders in lipid metabolism.

SUBMITTER: Philippe M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5358029 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Effects of 3 Weeks of Uphill and Downhill Walking on Blood Lipids and Glucose Metabolism in Pre-Diabetic Men: A Pilot Study.

Philippe Marc M Gatterer Hannes H Eder Erika Maria EM Dzien Alexander A Somavilla Matthias M Melmer Andreas A Ebenbichler Christoph C Müller Tom T Burtscher Martin M

Journal of sports science & medicine 20170301 1

The prevention of type 2 diabetes in persons at risk for diabetes is of utmost importance. Physical activity in general and even exercises at moderate intensities such as walking significantly reduce the risk of the development of type 2 diabetes. However, it is still a matter of debate whether lipids and glucose metabolism are differently affected by regular concentric (e.g., uphill walking) and eccentric (e.g., downhill walking) endurance exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the ...[more]

PMID: 28344449

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Project description:The muscles surrounding the ankle, knee and hip joints provide 42, 16 and 42%, respectively, of the total leg positive power required to walk on level ground at various speeds. However, each joint's contribution to leg work when walking up/downhill at a range of speeds is not known. Determining each biological joint's contribution to leg work over a range of speeds and slopes can inform the design of biomimetic assistive devices (i.e. prostheses). Twenty healthy adults walked 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 m s-1 on 0°, ±3°, ±6° and ±9° while we collected kinematic and kinetic data. We calculated sagittal plane joint work and individual leg work over the entire stance phase. The ratio of ankle joint to total individual leg positive work (summed ankle, knee and hip joint work) did not change (0.42) with speed or slope, but the ratio of ankle joint to individual leg negative work was 0.38 at -9°, 0.42 at 0° and 0.27 at +9° across all speeds. The ratio of ankle joint to total individual leg negative work was 0.41 at 1.00 m s-1 and 0.32 at 1.50 m s-1 across all slopes. The ratio of knee joint to total individual positive leg work (0.22) did not change with speed or slope. The ratio of knee joint to total individual leg negative work was 0.39 at 1.00 m s-1 and 0.45 at 1.50 m s-1 across all slopes. The ratio of hip joint to total individual leg positive work did not change with speed but was 0.34 at -9°, 0.33 at 0° and 0.37 at +9° across all speeds. The ratio of hip joint to total individual leg negative work was 0.21 at 1.00 m s-1, and 0.24 at 1.50 m s-1 across all slopes and 0.17 at -9°, 0.19 at 0° and 0.29 at +9° across all speeds. The ankle significantly contributes to walking on slopes and this contribution changes during sloped compared with level-ground walking, thus assistive devices that provide biomimetic ankle function must adapt to accommodate walking at different speeds and slopes; whereas assistive biomimetic devices for the knee only need to adapt at different speeds.

Project description:Objective: The physiological characteristics and acute responses underpinning uphill running differ from those of downhill running and remain less understood. This study aimed to evaluate time-course changes of muscle-specific microRNA (miRNA) responses in striated muscle or circulation in response to uphill and downhill running. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 84) were randomly assigned to a sedentary group (n = 12) and an exercise group (n = 72). The exercise group performed 90 min of uphill or downhill running. The striated muscle (quadriceps, gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac muscle) or circulation (plasma, exosome, exosome-free) levels of six muscle-specific miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-206, miR-208a, and miR-499) were assessed at rest, immediately following exercise, and during recovery (1 h and 48 h). Results: Our results show that miR-1 and miR-133a levels are both decreased in quadriceps following downhill running (p < 0.05) while there is no change after uphill running (p > 0.05). In gastrocnemius, both uphill and downhill running decreased miR-1 level immediately after exercise and returned to baseline during recovery (p < 0.05): interestingly, only miR-499 significantly increased following uphill running (p > 0.05). Of the cell-free miRNAs in circulation, only the miR-133b levels in plasma were not affected following uphill running (p > 0.05); the other miRNA levels significantly increased immediately after exercise (p < 0.05), decreased at 1 h and significantly increased at 48 h after exercise (p < 0.05). All selected miRNA levels in exosomes were not affected following uphill running (p > 0.05), while all selected miRNA levels significantly increased during early recovery after downhill running (p > 0.05). In addition, only the miR-133a level in the exosome-free condition showed significant changes following uphill running (p < 0.05), while miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-499 levels showed significant changes after downhill running (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that miRNA undergoes dynamic changes in tissue may play an important role in regulating different stress/adaptation following uphill and downhill running. It is likely that changed miRNA levels in plasma may act as a new biomarker for monitoring whole muscular stress during recovery.

Project description:Background:Some studies have suggested that altered tibiofemoral cartilage contact behavior (arthrokinematics) may contribute to long-term cartilage degeneration, potentially leading to tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. However, few studies have assessed normal tibiofemoral arthrokinematics during dynamic activities. Purpose:To characterize tibiofemoral arthrokinematics during the impact phase of level walking and downhill running. Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study. Methods:Arthrokinematic data were collected on uninjured knees of 44 participants (mean age, 20.7 ± 6.6 years). Using a dynamic stereoradiographic imaging system with superimposed 3-dimensional bone models from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of participant-specific tibiofemoral joints, arthrokinematics were assessed during the first 15% of the gait cycle during level walking and the first 10% of the gait cycle during downhill running. Results:During level walking and downhill running, the medial compartment had a greater cartilage contact area versus the lateral compartment. Both compartments had a significantly less cartilage contact area during running versus walking (medial compartment gait cycle affected: 8%-10%; lateral compartment gait cycle affected: 5%-10%). Further, medial and lateral compartment tibiofemoral contact paths were significantly more posterior and longer during downhill running. Conclusion:There was a decreased tibiofemoral cartilage contact area during downhill running compared with level walking, suggesting that underlying bone morphology may play a key role in determining the size of cartilage contact regions. Clinical Relevance:This study provides the first data characterizing tibiofemoral cartilage contact patterns during level walking and downhill running. These results provide evidence in support of performing biomechanical assessments during both level walking and downhill running to obtain a comprehensive picture of tibiofemoral cartilage behavior after clinical interventions.

Dataset Information

The Effects of 3 Weeks of Uphill and Downhill Walking on Blood Lipids and Glucose Metabolism in Pre-Diabetic Men: A Pilot Study.

Publications

The Effects of 3 Weeks of Uphill and Downhill Walking on Blood Lipids and Glucose Metabolism in Pre-Diabetic Men: A Pilot Study.

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