Metal-dependent SpoIIE oligomerization stabilizes FtsZ during asymmetric division in Bacillus subtilis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cendrowicz E
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5373596 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:SpoIIE is a dual-function protein in Bacillus subtilis that contributes to the switch from medial to polar cell division during sporulation and is responsible for activating the cell-specific transcription factor sigma(F). SpoIIE consists of an N-terminal domain with 10 membrane-spanning segments (region I), a C-terminal phosphatase domain (region III), and a central domain (region II) of uncertain function. To investigate the role of SpoIIE in polar division, we took advantage of a system for efficiently producing polar septa during growth in a SpoIIE-dependent manner using cells engineered to produce the sporulation protein in response to an inducer. The results show that regions II and III play a critical role in polar septum formation and that specific amino acid substitutions in those regions affect the abilities of SpoIIE both to promote polar division and to localize to the division machinery. Additionally, we show that neither the phosphatase function of SpoIIE nor the N-terminal, membrane-spanning region is needed for the switch to asymmetric division.
| S-EPMC1112011 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis can divide via two modes. During vegetative growth, the division septum is formed at the midcell to produce two equal daughter cells. However, during sporulation, the division septum is formed closer to one pole to yield a smaller forespore and a larger mother cell. Using cryo-electron tomography, genetics and fluorescence microscopy, we found that the organization of the division machinery is different in the two septa. While FtsAZ filaments, the major orchestrators of bacterial cell division, are present uniformly around the leading edge of the invaginating vegetative septa, they are only present on the mother cell side of the invaginating sporulation septa. We provide evidence suggesting that the different distribution and number of FtsAZ filaments impact septal thickness, causing vegetative septa to be thicker than sporulation septa already during constriction. Finally, we show that a sporulation-specific protein, SpoIIE, regulates asymmetric divisome localization and septal thickness during sporulation.
| S-EPMC8192124 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The first landmark in sporulation of Bacillus subtilis is the formation of an asymmetric septum followed by selective activation of the transcription factor ?F in the resulting smaller cell. How the morphological transformations that occur during sporulation are coupled to cell-specific activation of transcription is largely unknown. The membrane protein SpoIIE is a constituent of the asymmetric sporulation septum and is a crucial determinant of ?F activation. Here we report that the morphogenic protein, RodZ, which is essential for cell shape determination, is additionally required for asymmetric septum formation and sporulation. In cells depleted of RodZ, formation of asymmetric septa is disturbed and ?F activation is perturbed. During sporulation, we found that SpoIIE recruits RodZ to the asymmetric septum. Moreover, we detected a direct interaction between SpoIIE and RodZ in vitro and in vivo, indicating that SpoIIE-RodZ may form a complex to coordinate asymmetric septum formation and ?F activation. We propose that RodZ could provide a link between the cell shape machinery and the coordinated morphological and developmental transitions required to form a resistant spore.
| S-EPMC4945075 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Despite the central role of division in bacterial physiology, how division proteins work together as a nanoscale machine to divide the cell remains poorly understood. Cell division by cell wall synthesis proteins is guided by the cytoskeleton protein FtsZ, which assembles at mid-cell as a dense Z-ring formed of treadmilling filaments. However, although FtsZ treadmilling is essential for cell division, the function of FtsZ treadmilling remains unclear. Here, we systematically resolve the function of FtsZ treadmilling across each stage of division in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis using a combination of nanofabrication, advanced microscopy, and microfluidics to measure the division-protein dynamics in live cells with ultrahigh sensitivity. We find that FtsZ treadmilling has two essential functions: mediating condensation of diffuse FtsZ filaments into a dense Z-ring, and initiating constriction by guiding septal cell wall synthesis. After constriction initiation, FtsZ treadmilling has a dispensable function in accelerating septal constriction rate. Our results show that FtsZ treadmilling is critical for assembling and initiating the bacterial cell division machine.
| S-EPMC8079713 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Peptidoglycan is generally considered one of the main determinants of cell shape in bacteria. In rod-shaped bacteria, cell elongation requires peptidoglycan synthesis to lengthen the cell wall. In addition, peptidoglycan is synthesized at the division septum during cell division. Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis begins with an asymmetric cell division. Formation of the sporulation septum requires almost the same set of proteins as the vegetative septum; however, these two septa are significantly different. In addition to their differences in localization, the sporulation septum is thinner and it contains SpoIIE, a crucial sporulation specific protein. Here we show that peptidoglycan biosynthesis is linked to the cell division machinery during sporulation septum formation. We detected a direct interaction between SpoIIE and GpsB and found that both proteins co-localize during the early stages of asymmetric septum formation. We propose that SpoIIE is part of a multi-protein complex which includes GpsB, other division proteins and peptidoglycan synthesis proteins, and could provide a link between the peptidoglycan synthesis machinery and the complex morphological changes required for forespore formation during B. subtilis sporulation.
| S-EPMC7349982 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis begins with an asymmetric cell division producing two genetically identical cells with different fates. SpoIIE is a membrane protein that localizes to the polar cell division sites where it causes FtsZ to relocate from mid-cell to form polar Z-rings. Following polar septation, SpoIIE establishes compartment-specific gene expression in the smaller forespore cell by dephosphorylating the anti-sigma factor antagonist SpoIIAA, leading to the release of the RNA polymerase sigma factor σ(F) from an inhibitory complex with the anti-sigma factor SpoIIAB. SpoIIE therefore couples morphological development to differential gene expression. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the phosphatase domain of SpoIIE to 2.6 Å spacing, revealing a domain-swapped dimer. SEC-MALLS (size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering) analysis however suggested a monomer as the principal form in solution. A model for the monomer was derived from the domain-swapped dimer in which 2 five-stranded β-sheets are packed against one another and flanked by α-helices in an αββα arrangement reminiscent of other PP2C-type phosphatases. A flap region that controls access of substrates to the active site in other PP2C phosphatases is diminished in SpoIIE, and this observation correlates with the presence of a single manganese ion in the active site of SpoIIE in contrast to the two or three metal ions present in other PP2C enzymes. Mapping of a catalogue of mutational data onto the structure shows a clustering of sites whose point mutation interferes with the proper coupling of asymmetric septum formation to sigma factor activation and identifies a surface involved in intramolecular signaling.
| S-EPMC3517971 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The increasing detection of virulent and/or multidrug resistant bacterial strains makes necessary the development of new antimicrobial agents acting through novel mechanisms and cellular targets. A good choice are molecules aimed to interfere with the cell division machinery or divisome, which is indispensable for bacterial survival and propagation. A key component of this machinery, and thus a good target, is FtsZ, a highly conserved GTPase protein that polymerizes in the middle of the cell on the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane forming the Z ring, which acts as a scaffold for the recruitment of the divisome proteins at the division site. In this work, we tested the inhibitory effect of five diaryl naphtyl ketone (dNAK) molecules on the in vitro polymerization of both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis FtsZ (EcFtsZ and BsFtsZ, respectively). Among these compounds, dNAK 4 showed the strongest inhibition of FtsZ polymerization in vitro, with an IC50 of 2.3 ± 0.06 μM for EcFtsZ and 9.13 ± 0.66 μM for BsFtsZ. We found that dNAK 4 binds to GDP-FtsZ polymers but not to the monomer in GTP or GDP state. This led to the polymerization of short and curved filaments, rings, open rings forming clusters, and in the case of BsFtsZ, a novel cylindrical structure of stacked open rings. In vivo, dNAK 4 had almost no effect on the growth of E. coli in liquid culture, in contrast to the strong inhibitory effect observed over B. subtilis growth. The insensitivity of E. coli to this compound is probably related to the impermeability of dNAK 4 to the outer membrane. The low amount of this compound required to inhibit several of the bacterial strains tested and the lack of a cytotoxic effect at the concentrations used, makes dNAK 4 a very good candidate as a starting molecule for the development of a new antibiotic.
| S-EPMC6582257 | biostudies-literature
Project description:By chance, we discovered a window of extracellular magnesium (Mg2+) availability that modulates the division frequency of Bacillus subtilis without affecting its growth rate. In this window, cells grown with excess Mg2+ produce shorter cells than do those grown in unsupplemented medium. The Mg2+-responsive adjustment in cell length occurs in both rich and minimal media as well as in domesticated and undomesticated strains. Of other divalent cations tested, manganese (Mn2+) and zinc (Zn2+) also resulted in cell shortening, but this occurred only at concentrations that affected growth. Cell length decreased proportionally with increasing Mg2+ from 0.2 mM to 4.0 mM, with little or no detectable change being observed in labile, intracellular Mg2+, based on a riboswitch reporter. Cells grown in excess Mg2+ had fewer nucleoids and possessed more FtsZ-rings per unit cell length, consistent with the increased division frequency. Remarkably, when shifting cells from unsupplemented to supplemented medium, more than half of the cell length decrease occurred in the first 10 min, consistent with rapid division onset. Relative to unsupplemented cells, cells growing at steady-state with excess Mg2+ showed an enhanced expression of a large number of SigB-regulated genes and the activation of the Fur, MntR, and Zur regulons. Thus, by manipulating the availability of one nutrient, we were able to uncouple the growth rate from the division frequency and identify transcriptional changes that suggest that cell division is accompanied by the general stress response and an enhanced demand to sequester and/or increase the uptake of iron, Mn2+, and Zn2+. IMPORTANCE The signals that cells use to trigger cell division are unknown. Although division is often considered intrinsic to the cell cycle, microorganisms can continue to grow and repeat rounds of DNA replication without dividing, indicating that cycles of division can be skipped. Here, we show that by manipulating a single nutrient, namely, Mg2+, cell division can be uncoupled from the growth rate. This finding can be applied to investigate the nature of the cell division signal(s).
| S-EPMC9879117 | biostudies-literature
Project description:By chance, we discovered a window of extracellular magnesium (Mg2+) availability that modulates Bacillus subtilis division frequency without affecting growth rate. In this window, cells grown with excess Mg2+ produce shorter cells than those grown in unsupplemented medium. The Mg2+-responsive adjustment in cell length occurs in both rich and minimal media and in domesticated and undomesticated strains. Of other divalent cations tested, manganese (Mn2+) and zinc (Zn2+) also resulted in cell shortening, but only at concentrations that affected growth. Cell length decreased proportionally with increasing Mg2+ from 0.2 mM to 4.0 mM, with little or no detectable change in labile, intracellular Mg2+ based on a riboswitch reporter. Cells grown in excess Mg2+ had fewer nucleoids and possessed more FtsZ-rings per unit cell length, consistent with increased division frequency. Remarkably, when shifting cells from unsupplemented to supplemented medium, more than half of the cell length decrease occurred in the first 10 min, consistent with rapid division onset. Relative to unsupplemented cells, cells growing at steady-state with excess Mg2+ showed enhanced expression of a large number of SigB-regulated genes and activation of the Fur, MntR, and Zur regulons. Thus, by manipulating the availability of one nutrient, we were able to uncouple growth rate from division frequency and identify transcriptional changes suggesting cell division is accompanied by the general stress response and an enhanced demand to sequester and/or increase uptake of iron, Mn2+, and Zn2+.
2022-12-06 | GSE219221 | GEO
Project description:How cells co-ordinate size with growth and development is a major, unresolved question in cell biology. In previous work we identified the glucosyltransferase UgtP as a division inhibitor responsible for increasing the size of Bacillus subtilis cells under nutrient-rich conditions. In nutrient-rich medium, UgtP is distributed more or less uniformly throughout the cytoplasm and concentrated at the cell poles and/or the cytokinetic ring. Under these conditions, UgtP interacts directly with FtsZ to inhibit division and increase cell size. Conversely, under nutrient-poor conditions, UgtP is sequestered away from FtsZ in punctate foci, and division proceeds unimpeded resulting in a reduction in average cell size. Here we report that nutrient-dependent changes in UgtP's oligomerization potential serve as a molecular rheostat to precisely co-ordinate B. subtilis cell size with nutrient availability. Our data indicate UgtP interacts with itself and the essential cell division protein FtsZ in a high-affinity manner influenced in part by UDP glucose, an intracellular proxy for nutrient availability. These findings support a model in which UDP-glc-dependent changes in UgtP's oligomerization potential shift the equilibrium between UgtP•UgtP and UgtP•FtsZ, fine-tuning the amount of FtsZ available for assembly into the cytokinetic ring and with it cell size.
| S-EPMC3480987 | biostudies-literature