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Brain development and aging: overlapping and unique patterns of change.

ABSTRACT: Early-life development is characterized by dramatic changes, impacting lifespan function more than changes in any other period. Developmental origins of neurocognitive late-life functions are acknowledged, but detailed longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain maturation and direct comparisons with aging are lacking. To these aims, a novel method was used to measure longitudinal volume changes in development (n=85, 8-22 years) and aging (n=142, 60-91 years). Developmental reductions exceeded 1% annually in much of the cortex, more than double to that seen in aging, with a posterior-to-anterior gradient. Cortical reductions were greater than the subcortical during development, while the opposite held in aging. The pattern of lateral cortical changes was similar across development and aging, but the pronounced medial temporal reduction in aging was not precast in development. Converging patterns of change in adolescents and elderly, particularly in the medial prefrontal areas, suggest that late developed cortices are especially vulnerable to atrophy in aging. A key question in future research will be to disentangle the neurobiological underpinnings for the differences and the similarities between brain changes in development and aging.

SUBMITTER: Tamnes CK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5378867 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Brain development and aging: overlapping and unique patterns of change.

Tamnes Christian K CK Walhovd Kristine B KB Dale Anders M AM Østby Ylva Y Grydeland Håkon H Richardson George G Westlye Lars T LT Roddey J Cooper JC Hagler Donald J DJ Due-Tønnessen Paulina P Holland Dominic D Fjell Anders M AM

NeuroImage 20121212

Early-life development is characterized by dramatic changes, impacting lifespan function more than changes in any other period. Developmental origins of neurocognitive late-life functions are acknowledged, but detailed longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain maturation and direct comparisons with aging are lacking. To these aims, a novel method was used to measure longitudinal volume changes in development (n=85, 8-22 years) and aging (n=142, 60-91 years). Developmental reductio ...[more]

PMID: 23246860

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Project description:ImportanceResearch in facial aging has focused on soft-tissue changes rather than bony changes despite evidence of the importance of underlying bony structural changes. Research has also been limited by comparing different patients in separate age groups rather than the same patients over time.ObjectiveTo longitudinally document patterns of change in the facial skeleton and determine a consistent methodology for measuring these changes.Design, setting, and participantsCase series study of university hospital system records using facial computed tomographic (CT) images timed at least 8 years apart in adults initially aged 40 to 55 years with no history of facial surgery who required repeated facial imaging that included the entire midface and cranium.Main outcomes and measuresFace CTs were analyzed for 3-dimensional constructions and 2-dimensional measurements to document changes in glabellar, piriform, and maxillary angles and piriform height and width.ResultsFourteen patients (5 men, 9 women; mean [SD] age, 51.1 [5.8] years) with mean (SD) follow-up of 9.7 (1.4) years were eligible for 2-dimensional analysis, which revealed statistically significant decreases in mean (SD) glabellar angles (from 68.8° [7.6°] to 66.5° [8.6°]) and maxillary angles on both the right (from 82.5° [6.3°] to 81.0° [7.1°]) and left (from 83.0° [5.8°] to 81.0° [7.0°]), as well as increases in mean (SD) piriform width (from 24.5 [1.6] mm to 25.5 [1.3] mm). Nine patients (3 men, 6 women; mean [SD] age, 51.4 [6.3] years) with mean (SD) follow-up imaging at 9.6 (1.5) years were eligible for 3-dimensional analysis, which revealed statistically significant decreases in mean (SD) maxillary angles (from 56.5° [6.6°] to 51.6° [7.6°]) and piriform angles (from 50.8° [3.4°] to 49.1° [3.4°]). Statistically significant differences between the sexes were also noted: Initial mean (SD) glabellar angle for men was 61.7° (5.7°) vs 72.7° (5.4°) for women, with final values of 57.9° (4.9°) vs 71.2° (6.0°). Mean (SD) maxillary angle initial values were 87.8° (6.1°) (right) and 87.1° (4.9°) (left) for men, with 79.6° (4.3°) and 80.6° (5.0°) for women, respectively. Final values were 87.0° (4.4°) and 86.9° (4.1°) for men and 77.7° (6.1°) and 77.7° (6.2°) for women, respectively. Mean (SD) piriform height for men was 35.0 (2.0) mm initially and 35.5 (2.1) mm finally, vs 31.3 (2.8) and 31.6 (3.0) mm for women, respectively.Conclusions and relevanceOur pilot study of repeated CT images of patients over several years supports previous studies of bony facial aging and further characterizes these changes. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to document bony changes of the face in the same group of patients at different time points to better characterize facial aging. We also detail an improved methodology to study bony aging to contribute to additional research in the field.Level of evidenceNA.

Project description:BackgroundClosely related lineages of livebearing fishes have independently adapted to two extreme environmental factors: toxic hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) and perpetual darkness. Previous work has demonstrated in adult specimens that fish from these extreme habitats convergently evolved drastically increased head and offspring size, while cave fish are further characterized by reduced pigmentation and eye size. Here, we traced the development of these (and other) divergent traits in embryos of Poecilia mexicana from benign surface habitats ("surface mollies") and a sulphidic cave ("cave mollies"), as well as in embryos of the sister taxon, Poecilia sulphuraria from a sulphidic surface spring ("sulphur mollies"). We asked at which points during development changes in the timing of the involved processes (i.e., heterochrony) would be detectible.Methods and resultsData were extracted from digital photographs taken of representative embryos for each stage of development and each type of molly. Embryo mass decreased in convergent fashion, but we found patterns of embryonic fat content and ovum/embryo diameter to be divergent among all three types of mollies. The intensity of yellow colouration of the yolk (a proxy for carotenoid content) was significantly lower in cave mollies throughout development. Moreover, while relative head size decreased through development in surface mollies, it increased in both types of extremophile mollies, and eye growth was arrested in mid-stage embryos of cave mollies but not in surface or sulphur mollies.ConclusionOur results clearly demonstrate that even among sister taxa convergence in phenotypic traits is not always achieved by the same processes during embryo development. Furthermore, teleost development is crucially dependent on sufficient carotenoid stores in the yolk, and so we discuss how the apparent ability of cave mollies to overcome this carotenoid-dependency may represent another potential mechanism explaining the lack of gene flow between surface and cave mollies.

Dataset Information

Brain development and aging: overlapping and unique patterns of change.

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Brain development and aging: overlapping and unique patterns of change.

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