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Genotype Correlation Analysis Reveals Pathway-Based Functional Disequilibrium and Potential Epistasis in the Human Interactome.

ABSTRACT: Epistasis is thought to be a pervasive part of complex phenotypes due to the dynamics and complexity of biological systems, and a further understanding of epistasis in the context of biological pathways may provide insight into the etiology of complex disease. In this study, we use genotype data from the International HapMap Project to characterize the functional dependencies between alleles in the human interactome as defined by KEGG pathways. We performed chi-square tests to identify non-independence between functionally-related SNP pairs within parental Caucasian and Yoruba samples. We further refine this list by testing for skewed transmission of pseudo-haplotypes to offspring using a haplotype-based TDT test. From these analyses, we identify pathways enriched for functional disequilibrium, and a set of 863 SNP pairs (representing 453 gene pairs) showing consistent non-independence and transmission distortion. These results represent gene pairs with strong evidence of epistasis within the context of a biological function.

SUBMITTER: Bush WS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5382931 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Genotype Correlation Analysis Reveals Pathway-Based Functional Disequilibrium and Potential Epistasis in the Human Interactome.

Bush William S WS Haines Jonathan L JL

Applications of Evolutionary Computation : 17th European Conference, EvoApplications 2014, Granada, Spain, April 23-25, 2014 : revised selected papers. EvoApplications (Conference) (17th : 2014 : Granada, Spain) 20140401

Epistasis is thought to be a pervasive part of complex phenotypes due to the dynamics and complexity of biological systems, and a further understanding of epistasis in the context of biological pathways may provide insight into the etiology of complex disease. In this study, we use genotype data from the International HapMap Project to characterize the functional dependencies between alleles in the human interactome as defined by KEGG pathways. We performed chi-square tests to identify non-indep ...[more]

PMID: 28393142

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Project description:INTRODUCTION: Clinical variability associated with the common 22q11.2 microdeletion is well known, and has led to a broad application of FISH diagnostics with probes for loci TUPLE1 or D22S75 (N25), although, rarely reported atypical deletions associated with the same phenotypic spectrum would not be discovered by these probes. As most types of 22q11.2 deletions occur between low copy repeats within the region (LCR22), we assumed that atypical deletions should be more common than has been reported. To address this question and the possibility of a deletion size related genotype-phenotype correlation, we systematically assessed the frequency of typical and atypical 22q11.2 deletions in a large cohort of patients. METHODS: We used a set of 10 fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) DNA probes, capable of detecting all reported and hypothetical deletions between the LCR22, and analysed 350 patients. Deletion sizes in atypical deletions were established by use of further FISH probes. Frequency of certain atypical deletions was analysed in controls by FISH and quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Patients with conotruncal heart defects (ctCHD) and with typical VCFS phenotype showed the common 3 Mb or nested 1.5 Mb deletions (in 18.5% and 78.6%, respectively), but no atypical deletion, while 5% (3/63) of patients with a mildly suggestive, atypical phenotype showed atypical distal deletions, which were not detected in patients with mental retardation of unknown origin or in healthy controls. DISCUSSION: These statistically significant differences demonstrate that atypical distal 22q11.2 deletions are very uncommon in patients with ctCHDs, while atypical congenital heart defects and mild dysmorphism are recognisable feature of atypical distal deletions. Further phenotype-genotype analysis disclosed association of significant developmental delay with the distal part of the common deletion region, and choanal atresia and atypical CHDs with the adjacent distal deletion region.

Project description:Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine. BHMT is highly expressed in the human liver. In the liver, BHMT catalyzes up to 50% of homocysteine metabolism. Understanding the relationship between BHMT genetic polymorphisms and function might increase our understanding of the role of this reaction in homocysteine remethylation and in S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation. To help achieve those goals, we measured levels of BHMT enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein in 268 human hepatic surgical biopsy samples from adult subjects as well as 73 fetal hepatic tissue samples obtained at different gestational ages. BHMT protein levels were correlated significantly (p<0.001) with levels of enzyme activity in both fetal and adult tissues, but both were decreased in fetal tissue when compared with levels in the adult hepatic biopsies. To determine possible genotype-phenotype correlations, 12 tag SNPs for BHMT and the closely related BHMT2 gene were selected from SNPs observed during our own gene resequencing studies as well as from HapMap. These SNPs data were used to genotype DNA from the adult hepatic surgical biopsy samples, and genotype-phenotype association analysis was performed. Three SNPs (rs41272270, rs16876512, and rs6875201), located 28kb upstream, in the 5'-UTR and in intron 1 of BHMT, respectively, were significantly correlated with both BHMT activity (p=3.41E-8, 2.55E-9 and 2.46E-10, respectively) and protein levels (p=5.78E-5, 1.08E-5 and 6.92E-6, respectively). We also imputed 230 additional SNPs across the BHMT and BHMT2 genes, identifying an additional imputed SNP, rs7700790, that was also highly associated with hepatic BHMT enzyme activity and protein. However, none of the 3 genotyped or one imputed SNPs displayed a "shift" during electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These observations may help us to understand individual variation in the regulation of BHMT in the human liver and its possible relationship to variation in methylation.

Dataset Information

Genotype Correlation Analysis Reveals Pathway-Based Functional Disequilibrium and Potential Epistasis in the Human Interactome.

Publications

Genotype Correlation Analysis Reveals Pathway-Based Functional Disequilibrium and Potential Epistasis in the Human Interactome.

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