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Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of an infection and remains one of the leading causes of mortality in surgical patients. Bacteremia induces excessive inflammatory responses that result in multiple organ damage. Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived materials have been found to immunomodulate host immune system to reduce inflammation against some allergic or inflammatory diseases. Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (Sj-Cys) is a cysteine protease inhibitor that induces regulatory T-cells and a potential immunomodulatory. The effect of Sj-Cys on reducing sepsis inflammation and mortality was investigated. METHODS:Sepsis was induced in BALB/c mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by intraperitoneal injection of different doses (10, 25 or 50 ?g) of recombinant Sj-Cys (rSj-Cys). The therapeutic effect of rSj-Cys on sepsis was evaluated by observing the survival rates of mice for 96 h after CLP and the pathological injury of liver, kidney and lung by measuring the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in sera and the tissue sections pathology, and the expression of MyD88 in liver, kidney and lung tissues. The immunological mechanism was investigated by examining pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-?, IL-6, IL-1?) and IL-10 and TGF-?1 in mice sera and in culture of macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). RESULTS:rSj-Cys treatment provided significant therapeutic effects on CLP-induced sepsis in mice demonstrated with increased survival rates, alleviated overall disease severity and tissue injury of liver, kidney and lung. The rSj-Cys conferred therapeutic efficacy was associated with upregualted IL-10 and TGF-?1 cytokines and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-?, IL-6, IL-1?. MyD88 expression in liver, kidney and lung tissues of rSj-Cys-treated mice was reduced. In vitro assay with macrophages also showed that rSj-Cys inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediator nitric oxide (NO) after being stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest the anti-inflammatory potential of rSj-Cys as a promising therapeutic agent on sepsis. The immunological mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect may involve the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of IL-10 and TGF-?1 cytokines possibly via downregulation of the TLR adaptor-transducer MyD88 pathway. The findings suggest rSj-Cys is a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.

SUBMITTER: Li H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5422996 | biostudies-literature | 2017 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice.

Li Huihui H Wang Shushu S Zhan Bin B He Wenxin W Chu Liang L Qiu Dapeng D Li Nan N Wan Yongkun Y Zhang Hui H Chen Xingzhi X Fang Qiang Q Shen Jilong J Yang Xiaodi X

Parasites & vectors 20170508 1

<h4>Background</h4>Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of an infection and remains one of the leading causes of mortality in surgical patients. Bacteremia induces excessive inflammatory responses that result in multiple organ damage. Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived materials have been found to immunomodulate host immune system to reduce inflammation against some allergic or inflammatory diseases. Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (Sj-Cys) is a cysteine protease inhibitor that ...[more]

PMID: 28482922

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Myocardial dysfunction is one of the most common complications of multiple organ failure in septic shock and significantly increases mortality in patients with sepsis. Although many studies having confirmed that helminth-derived proteins have strong immunomodulatory functions and could treat inflammatory diseases, there is no report on the therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum-produced cystatin (Sj-Cys) on sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. METHODS:A model of sepsis-induced myocardial injury was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. Upon CLP operation, each mouse was intraperitoneally treated with 10 µg of recombinant Sj-Cys (rSj-Cys). Twelve hours after CLP, the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricular were examined by echocardiography. The levels of myoglobin (Mb), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N-terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in sera, and the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in cardiac tissues were examined as biomarkers for heart injury. The heart tissue was collected for checking pathological changes, macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. To address the signaling pathway involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of rSj-Cys, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) was determined in heart tissue of mice with sepsis and LPS-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. In addition, the therapeutic effects of rSj-Cys on LPS-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis were also detected. The levels of M1 biomarker iNOS and M2 biomarker Arg-1 were detected in heart tissue. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-? and IL-6, and regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-? were measured in sera and their mRNA levels in heart tissue of rSj-Cys-treated mice. RESULTS:After rSj-Cys treatment, the sepsis-induced heart malfunction was largely improved. The inflammation and injury of heart tissue were significantly alleviated, characterized as significantly decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in cardiac tissues and fiber swelling, reduced levels of Mb, cTnI and NT-proBNP in sera, and MPO activity in heart tissue. The therapeutic efficacy of rSj-Cys is associated with downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-? and IL-6) and upregulated regulatory inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-?), possibly through inhibiting the LPS-MyD88 signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS:RSj-Cys significantly reduced sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy and could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of sepsis associated cardiac dysfunction.

Project description:BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a chronic infection, where the host immune response to the parasite changes from a predominantly Th1 to Th2 phenotype, when parasite enters the egg stage, restraining the host inflammatory immune responses to achieve a longer survival in the host. On the other hand, the development of Th2 responses causes immunopathological changes such as liver fibrosis. Therefore identification of schistosome-derived Th2 inducing molecules is important in the understanding of pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. A cyclophilin A homologue of Schistosoma japonicum was reported to be an egg-stage specific antigen, but its immunogenicity and immunoregulatory activities remain unknown. METHODS: We cloned and expressed the gene of cyclophilin A from Schistosoma japonicum (AY814078), named as SjCyP18 based on its molecular weight. The expression profiles in different stages of S. japonicum were examined by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence assay. The immunogenicity of SjCyP18 was measured by the presence of IgG in the sera from S. japonicum infected patients and animals, and the Th2-promting activities were examined by the subclass of immunoglobulins against SjCyP18 and by the IL-4 induction in T cells following footpad injection of SjCyP18. RESULTS: The cloned SjCyP18 has 65% homology with human or mouse cyclophilin A at the amino acid level. In contrast to reports as an egg-stage specific antigen, the gene was found to be expressed in all stages of S. japonicum. IgG responses against SjCyP18 were found in some S. japonicum infected patients and were significantly induced when infection become patent and produce eggs in infected mice. Furthermore, the Th2-promoting subclass of IgG1 was the predominant isotype in S. japonicum infected mice. More importantly, footpad injection of SjCyP18 induced a greater production of IL-4 than that of IFN-? by lymphocytes compared to responses from PBS injection controls. CONCLUSION: The cyclophilin A homologue found in S. japonicum is immunogenic and promotes Th2 responses in vivo which may contribute to the establishment of chronic infection by schistosomes.

Project description:Schistosomiasis, also called bilharziasis, is a neglected tropical disease induced by Schistosoma spp. that causes hundreds of millions of infections. Although Schistosoma ova-induced granulomas commonly cause inflammation, hyperplasia, ulceration, micro abscess formation, and polyposis, the role of the egg granuloma on the gut microbiome remains unclear. To explore the role, gut microbial communities in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum were surveyed. Female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were exposed to cercariae of S. japonicum for 45 and 65 days and then sacrificed. Intestinal contents and feces were collected, DNA was extracted, and high-throughput 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing was used to provide a comparative analysis of gut microbial diversity. The intestinal mucosal tissues were also examined. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated that the basic structure of the colonic mucosa was damaged by ova-induced granuloma. Regarding the gut microbiome, 2,578,303 good-quality sequences were studied and assigned to 25,278 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) at a threshold of 97% similarity. The average number of OTUs for C57BL/6 and BALB/c were 545 and 530, respectively. At the phylum level, intestinal microbial communities were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Infection with S. japonicum modified bacterial richness in the fecal associated microbiota. Exposure significantly modified bacterial community composition among different groups. At the phylogenetic levels, LEfSe analysis revealed that several bacterial taxa were significantly associated with the S. japonicum-infected mice. The present results suggest that egg granulomas in the intestine influence differentiation of the gut microbial community under pathophysiological conditions. This result suggests that intestinal microbiome-based strategies should be considered for early diagnosis, clinical treatment, and prognosis evaluation of schistosomiasis.

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Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice.

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Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice.

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