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Removal of Diethylhexyl Phthalate from Hands by Handwashing: Evidence from Experimental N-of-1 and Crossover Designs.

ABSTRACT: Phthalate exposure through skin is often neglected due to the small quantity and limited dermal absorption rate. However, free phthalate can be ingested by hand-to-mouth action or by contact with food. To evaluate the effectiveness in removing phthalate exposure on hand, we compare here the removal efficiency of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on hands by handwashing with soap-and-water versus water-only. In two three-day N-of-1 trials, residual DEHP was measured in a single female adult who washed exposed hands with soap-and-water or water-only. Subsequently, a crossover study was performed by randomly assigning another 28 subjects equally to wash with soap-and-water or with water-only, and then each one received the other treatment 24 hrs later. In the N-of-1 trials, mean DEHP removal rates range from 95.9% (SD?=?0.1%) to 97.0% (SD?=?2.5%) for soap-and-water handwashes, and 1.8% (SD?=?0.1%) to 7.0% (SD?=?0.3%) (n?=?3) for water-only. In the crossover study, mean removal rate was 94.6% (SD?=?6.5%) for handwashing with soap-and-water (n?=?28) and 8.7% (SD?=?5.7%) for water-only (n?=?28). We concluded that handwashing with soap-and-water removes 80% more DEHP than handwashing with water alone, and may be a cost-effective way of removing other endocrine disruptors from hands.

SUBMITTER: Lin PD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5428717 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Removal of Diethylhexyl Phthalate from Hands by Handwashing: Evidence from Experimental N-of-1 and Crossover Designs.

Lin Pi-I D PD Wu Chia-Fang CF Kou Hwang-Shang HS Huang Tzu-Ying TY Shiea Jentaie J Wu Ming-Tsang MT

Scientific reports 20170328 1

Phthalate exposure through skin is often neglected due to the small quantity and limited dermal absorption rate. However, free phthalate can be ingested by hand-to-mouth action or by contact with food. To evaluate the effectiveness in removing phthalate exposure on hand, we compare here the removal efficiency of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on hands by handwashing with soap-and-water versus water-only. In two three-day N-of-1 trials, residual DEHP was measured in a single female adult who w ...[more]

PMID: 28352099

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Project description:BackgroundPhthalates may disturb metabolic homeostasis in the liver by interfering with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). However, the role of hepatic macrophages in the lipid metabolic dysregulation induced by diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) remains unclear.ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the respective role of hepatocyte- and macrophage-specific PPARγ in the hepatotoxicity induced by DEHP.MethodsWild-type (WT), hepatocyte-specific PPARγ knockout (Hep-KO), and macrophage-specific PPAR knockout (Mac-KO) mice were administered DEHP (625mg/kg body weight) by daily gavage for 28 d, followed by hepatotoxicity examination and macrophage analysis. RNA sequencing and lipid metabolomic analysis were used to characterize the molecular changes in mouse liver. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human monocytic THP-1 cell-derived macrophages were used to investigate the mechanistic regulation of macrophages' polarization by DEHP and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP).ResultsThe levels of hepatic steatosis and triglyceride were significantly higher in the mice treated with DEHP compared with the control mice in the WT and Hep-KO model. Lipid accumulation induced by DEHP was notably attenuated in the Mac-KO mice, but M2-polarization of hepatic macrophages in the Mac-KO mice was significantly higher compared with the WT mice under DEHP treatment. The M2-polarization of BMDMs and human macrophages was suppressed by DEHP and MEHP. Transcriptomic and lipidomic data suggested lower levels of lipid biosynthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation in the Mac-KO mice compared with the WT and Hep-KO mice under DEHP treatment.ConclusionsOur data suggested that the orchestrated activation of PPARα and PPARγ by MEHP may reprogram hepatic macrophages' polarization, thereby affecting lipid homeostasis in the mouse liver. Although this conclusion was based on studies conducted in mice and in vitro, these findings may aid in elucidating the health effect of environmental phthalate exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9373.

Dataset Information

Removal of Diethylhexyl Phthalate from Hands by Handwashing: Evidence from Experimental N-of-1 and Crossover Designs.

Publications

Removal of Diethylhexyl Phthalate from Hands by Handwashing: Evidence from Experimental N-of-1 and Crossover Designs.

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