Saccharomyces boulardii Administration Changes Gut Microbiota and Attenuates D-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury.
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SUBMITTER: Yu L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5430957 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:UnlabelledGrowing evidence shows that gut microbes are key factors involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, metabolic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. Therefore, gut microbiota modulations caused by selectively fermented oligosaccharides or probiotic bacteria constitute an interesting target in the physiopathology of obesity. However, to date, no probiotic yeast has been investigated in this context. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the impact of the most-studied probiotic yeast (i.e., Saccharomyces boulardii Biocodex) on obesity and associated metabolic features, such as fat mass development, hepatic steatosis, and low-grade inflammation, in obese mice. S. boulardii was administered daily by oral gavage to leptin-resistant obese and type 2 diabetic mice (db/db) for 4 weeks. We found that S. boulardii-treated mice exhibited reduced body weight, fat mass, hepatic steatosis, and inflammatory tone. Interestingly, these effects of S. boulardii on host metabolism were associated with local effects in the intestine. S. boulardii increased cecum weight and cecum tissue weight but also induced dramatic changes in the gut microbial composition at the phylum, family, and genus levels. These gut microbiota changes in response to S. boulardii may also be correlated with the host metabolism response. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that S. boulardii may act as a beneficial probiotic treatment in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes.ImportanceTo date, no probiotic yeast have been investigated in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here we found that type 2 diabetic and obese mice (db/db) treated with Saccharomyces boulardii exhibited reduced body weight, fat mass, hepatic steatosis, and inflammatory tone. These effects on host metabolism were associated with local effects in the intestine. Importantly, by using pyrosequencing, we found that S. boulardii treatment induces changes of the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, family, and genus levels. Moreover, we found that gut microbiota changes in response to S. boulardii were correlated with several host metabolism responses.
| S-EPMC4056549 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The gut microbiota is altered in liver diseases, and several probiotics have been shown to reduce the degree of liver damage. We hypothesized that oral administration of specific Bifidobacterium strains isolated from healthy guts could attenuate liver injury. Five strains were tested in this study. Acute liver injury was induced by D-galactosamine after pretreating Sprague-Dawley rats with the Bifidobacterium strains, and liver function, liver and ileum histology, plasma cytokines, bacterial translocation and the gut microbiome were assessed. Two strains, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum LI09 and Bifidobacterium catenulatum LI10, conferred liver protection, as well as alleviated the increase in plasma M-CSF, MIP-1α and MCP-1 and bacterial translocation. They also ameliorated ileal mucosal injury and gut flora dysbiosis, especially the enrichment of the opportunistic pathogen Parasutterella and the depletion of the SCFA-producing bacteria Anaerostipes, Coprococcus and Clostridium XI. Negative correlations were found between MIP-1α / MCP-1 and Odoribacter (LI09 group) and MIP-1α / M-CSF and Flavonifractor (LI10 group). Our results indicate that the liver protection effects might be mediated through gut microbiota modification, which thus affect the host immune profile. The desirable characteristics of these two strains may enable them to serve as potential probiotics for the prevention or adjuvant treatment of liver injury.
| S-EPMC5562910 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a devastating syndrome, which sometimes results in death or liver transplantation, in which inflammation would aggravate the development of fetuin-A which would act as an anti-inflammatory factor and may be an available approach to attenuate FHF.AimsThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fetuin-A on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced liver failure in mice.MethodsA mouse model of FHF induced by D-GalN/LPS was established and fetuin-A was injected intraperitoneally prior to D-GalN/LPS treatment. At different time points after D-GalN/LPS intervention, serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured by ELISA. Fetuin-A mRNA and protein expression in liver tissues was assessed by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Besides, an observation of liver tissue injury, the apoptosis of hepatocytes, was analyzed by TUNEL assay.ResultsExpression of fetuin-A mRNA and protein in liver tissue were significantly and gradually decreased after D-GalN/LPS administration. A pre-intervention of exogenous fetuin-A significantly improved the liver function, decreased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in peripheral blood, and liver tissue inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis responded to D-GalN/LPS induction so as to decrease the mortality rates of FHF mouse. Meanwhile, fetuin-A was negatively correlated with the hepatic pathological score and TNF-α protein staining in FHF mouse.ConclusionsAn intraperitoneal injection of fetuin-A attenuates D-GalN/LPS-induced FHF in mice. Fetuin-A might be a protective agent of liver damage partly through inhibiting liver inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis.
| S-EPMC4119259 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The gut microbiota plays important roles in animal overall health and productiveness. Balancing host gut microbiota by probiotics has been documented. Our previous study showed that Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) and Bacillus subtilis B10 (Bs) significantly improve growth performance and modulate the intestinal histomorphology in broilers. To increase the knowledge regarding Sb and Bs, this study investigated the effects of these 2 probiotic strains on the gut microbiota in broilers. Three hundred 1-day-old Sanhuang broilers (Chinese cross breed) were randomly divided into 3 groups, each group with 5 replications (n = 20). The control group (CK) was fed a basal diet containing an antibiotic (virginiamycin, 20 mg/kg) and the other 2 groups received Sb and Bs (1 × 108 cfu/kg of feed) in addition to the basal diet. After 72 d of treatment, pyrosequencing revealed that the bacterial communities varied along the section of intestinal tract in the control and Bs groups, but not in the Sb group. No difference in microbial diversity was observed among 3 groups. The major phyla observed along the GI tract of broilers (particularly in the duodenum and cecum) were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, which were considered potentially growth performance-related. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were observed at a much higher abundance in the jejunums and ileums of the Sb group (P < 0.05). In addition, the jejunal microbial communities formed 3 different clusters at either the genus level or the category of metabolism among the groups, based on the principal component analyses. These data indicated that Sb and Bs can modulate the microbial ecosystem, and subsequently enhance the health status of broilers.
| S-EPMC6284224 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Long-term antibiotic use can have consequences on systemic diseases, such as obesity, allergy, and depression, implicating the causal role of gut microbiome imbalance. However, the evaluation of the effect of antibiotics in early infancy on alterations to the gut microbiome remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the gut microbiome state in infancy following systemic antibiotic treatment. Twenty infants under 3 months of age who had received antibiotics for at least 3 days were enrolled, and their fecal samples were collected 4 weeks after antibiotic administration finished. Thirty-four age-matched healthy controls without prior exposure to antibiotics were also assessed. The relative bacterial abundance in feces was obtained via sequencing of 16 S rRNA genes, and alpha and beta diversities were evaluated. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Escherichia/Shigella and Bifidobacterium increased (p = 0.03 and p = 0.017, respectively) but that of Bacteroides decreased (p = 0.02) in the antibiotic treatment group. The microbiome of the antibiotic treatment group exhibited an alpha diversity lower than that of the control group. Thus, systemic antibiotic administration in early infancy affects the gut microbiome composition even after a month has passed; long-term studies are needed to further evaluate this.
| S-EPMC9025670 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is affecting people worldwide. Changes in the intestinal microbiome are crucial to NASH. A previous study showed that eradicating intestinal fungi ameliorates NASH; however, the role of intestinal fungi in the development of NASH remains unclear. Saccharomyces boulardii (SB), a dietary supplement yeast, has been reported to restore the integrity of the intestine. Here, we tested the effect of SB in the treatment of NASH. For this study, we fed eight-week-old C57/BL6 male mice either a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet or a normal chow diet (NCD) for eight weeks. Half of the MCD diet-fed mice were gavaged with SB (5 mg/day) once daily. The remainder of the NCD-fed mice were gavaged with normal saline as a control. The MCD diet-fed mice on SB supplement showed better liver function, less hepatic steatosis, and decreased inflammation. Both hepatic inflammatory gene expression and fibrogenic gene expression were suppressed in mice with SB gavage. Intestinal damage caused by the MCD diet was tampered with, intestine inflammation decreased, and gut permeability improved in mice that had been given the SB supplement. Deep sequencing of the fecal microbiome showed a potentially increased beneficial gut microbiota and increased microbiota diversity in the SB-supplemented mice. The SB supplement maintains gut integrity, increases microbial diversity, and increases the number of potentially beneficial gut microbiota. Thus, the SB supplement attenuates gut leakage and exerts a protective effect against NASH. Our results provide new insight into the prevention of NASH.
| S-EPMC9260146 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a significant role in the progression of liver disease, and no effective drugs are available for the full spectrum. In this study, we aimed to explore the dynamic changes of gut microbiota along the liver disease spectrum, together with the changes in cognition and brain metabolism. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups reflecting different stages of liver disease: control diet (NC); high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHC), emulating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; control diet + thioacetamide (NC + TAA), simulating acute liver failure; and high-fat, high-cholesterol diet + thioacetamide (HFHC + TAA) to assess the effect of the superimposed damages. The diet was administered for 14 weeks and the thioacetamide was administrated (100 mg/kg day) intraperitoneally over 3 days. Our results showed changes in plasma biochemistry and liver damage across the spectrum. Differences in gut microbiota at the compositional level were found among the experimental groups. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family were most abundant in HFHC and HFHC + TAA groups, and Akkermansiaceae in the NC + TAA group, albeit lactobacilli genus being dominant in the NC group. Moreover, harm to the liver affected the diversity and bacterial community structure, with a loss of rare species. Indeed, the superimposed damage group (HFHC + TAA) suffered a loss of both rare and abundant species. Behavioral evaluation has shown that HFHC, NC + TAA, and HFHC + TAA displayed a worsened execution when discriminating the new object. Also, NC + TAA and HFHC + TAA were not capable of recognizing the changes in place of the object. Furthermore, working memory was affected in HFHC and HFHC + TAA groups, whereas the NC + TAA group displayed a significant delay in the acquisition. Brain oxidative metabolism changes were observed in the prefrontal, retrosplenial, and perirhinal cortices, as well as the amygdala and mammillary bodies. Besides, groups administered with thioacetamide presented an increased oxidative metabolic activity in the adrenal glands. These results highlight the importance of cross-comparison along the liver spectrum to understand the different gut-microbiota-brain changes. Furthermore, our data point out specific gut microbiota targets to design more effective treatments, though the liver-gut-brain axis focused on specific stages of liver disease.
| S-EPMC9490445 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study evaluated the protective effects of Dendropanax morbifera leaf (DML) extracts in the liver due to excessive ethanol consumption. Our results showed that the ethanol extract had better antioxidant activity than the water extract, likely due to the higher levels of total flavonoid and phenolic compounds in the former. We found that the main phenolic acid was chlorogenic acid and the major flavonoid was rutin. Results from the animal model experiment showed concentration-dependent liver protection with the distilled water extract showing better liver protection than the ethanol extract. Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by alcohol consumption was significantly shifted by DML extracts through increasing mainly Bacteroides and Allobaculum. Moreover, predicted metabolic activities of biosynthesis of beneficial monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleate and palmitoleate were enhanced. Our results suggest that these hepatoprotective effects are likely due to the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and partially promoted by intestinal microbiota shifts.
| S-EPMC7598590 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Accumulating evidence indicated that oxidative stress is closely related to inflammation and the progression of multiple chronic diseases, which seriously threaten the host health. Currently, multiple plant-derived polysaccharides have been demonstrated to ameliorate the negative effects of oxidative stress on the host, but the potential protective effect of radix paeoniae alba polysaccharide (RPAP) on host have not been well characterized. Here, we investigated whether different doses of RPAP administration could alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury and gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. Results indicated that RPAP administration effectively alleviated LPS-induced intestinal damage in dose dependent. Additionally, amplicon sequencing showed that RPAP administration reversed the significant decrease in gut microbial diversity caused by LPS exposure and restored the alpha-diversity indices to normal levels. Microbial taxonomic investigation also indicated that LPS exposure resulted in significant changes in the gut microbial composition, characterized by a decrease in the abundances of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Alistipes, Bacillus, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, etc.) and an increase in the contents of pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella, Helicobacter, Enterococcus, etc.). However, RPAP administration, especially in high doses, could improve the composition of the gut microbiota by altering the abundance of some bacteria. Taken together, this study demonstrated that RPAP administration could ameliorate LPS-induced intestinal injury by regulating gut microbiota. Meanwhile, this also provides the basis for the popularization and application of RPAP and alleviating oxidative stress from the perspective of gut microbiota.
| S-EPMC9878331 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often occurs along with extraintestinal manifestations, including hepatic injury. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is an active substance with a potential anti-inflammation activity. However, its alleviated effect and mechanisms in IBD as well as the IBD-induced secondary liver injury are still unclear.MethodsC57BL/6J mice were administered with a 21-day oral gavage of MFGM, followed by 7 days of drinking water with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Disease activity index (DAI), histological features, and cytokines of the colon and liver were evaluated. Then, RNA-seq of the colon and liver was conducted. The gut microbiota was assessed by analyzing 16S rRNA gene sequences, and finally the integrity and the function of the mucus barrier were evaluated by Alcian blue staining, real-time quantitative PCR, and ELISA.ResultsProphylactic MFGM treatment was effective against colitis to include effects in body weight loss, DAI score, colonic length, intestinal pathology, and histological score. Additionally, prophylactic MFGM decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase in colonic tissue, while it increased the IL-10 level. Moreover, the gene expressions of MUC2, MUC4, Reg3b, and Reg3g associated with the production of the molecular mediator of immune response, membrane invagination, and response to protozoan were strikingly upregulated when administered with MFGM. On the other hand, the beneficial effects of MFGM were related to the enriched abundance of genera such as Faccalibacumum and Roseburia in feces samples. Consistently, the administration of MFGM was also found to alleviate DSS-induced hepatic injury. Furthermore, the glutathione transferase activity pathway was enriched in the liver of MFGM-treated mice after DSS administration. Mechanistically, prophylactic MFGM enhanced the mucosal barrier by increasing the gene levels of Reg3b and Reg3g. Meanwhile, the alleviation of MFGM on liver injury was dependent on the reduced hepatic oxidative stress.ConclusionsMFGM attenuated colitis and hepatic injury by maintaining the mucosal barrier and bacterial community while inhibiting oxidative stress, which might be an effective therapy of hepatic injury secondary to IBD.
| S-EPMC9253277 | biostudies-literature