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Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition.

ABSTRACT: Impaired inhibitory control is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated gene-environment interaction (GxE) as a possible contributing factor to response inhibition variation in context of the differential susceptibility theory. This states individuals carrying plasticity gene variants will be more disadvantaged in negative, but more advantaged in positive environments.Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition were assessed during a Stop-signal task in participants with (N?=?197) and without (N?=?295) ADHD, from N?=?278 families (age M?=?17.18, SD =3.65). We examined GxE between candidate plasticity genes (DAT1, 5-HTT, DRD4) and social environments (maternal expressed emotion, peer affiliation).A DRD4 × Positive peer affiliation interaction was found on the right fusiform gyrus (rFG) activation during successful inhibition. Further, 5-HTT short allele carriers showed increased rFG activation during failed inhibitions. Maternal warmth and positive peer affiliation were positively associated with right inferior frontal cortex activation during successful inhibition. Deviant peer affiliation was positively related to the error rate.While a pattern of differential genetic susceptibility was found, more clarity on the role of the FG during response inhibition is warranted before firm conclusions can be made. Positive and negative social environments were related to inhibitory control. This extends previous research emphasizing adverse environments.

SUBMITTER: Richards JS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5435559 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition.

Richards Jennifer S JS Arias Vásquez Alejandro A van Rooij Daan D van der Meer Dennis D Franke Barbara B Hoekstra Pieter J PJ Heslenfeld Dirk J DJ Oosterlaan Jaap J Faraone Stephen V SV Hartman Catharina A CA Buitelaar Jan K JK

The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 20160512 4

<h4>Objectives</h4>Impaired inhibitory control is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated gene-environment interaction (GxE) as a possible contributing factor to response inhibition variation in context of the differential susceptibility theory. This states individuals carrying plasticity gene variants will be more disadvantaged in negative, but more advantaged in positive environments.<h4>Methods</h4>Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibitio ...[more]

PMID: 27170266

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Project description:The completion of embryonic development depends, in part, on the interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions, and any alteration during development may affect embryonic genetic and epigenetic regulatory pathways leading to congenital malformations, which are mostly incompatible with life. Oviparous reptiles, such as sea turtles, that produce numerous eggs in a clutch that is buried on the beach provide an opportunity to study embryonic mortality associated with malformations that occur at different times during development, or that prevent the hatchling from emerging from the nest. In sea turtles, the presence of congenital malformations frequently leads to mortality. A few years ago, a detailed study was performed on external congenital malformations in three species of sea turtles from the Mexican Pacific and Caribbean coasts, the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (n = 23,559 eggs), the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (n = 17,690 eggs), and the olive ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea (n = 20,257 eggs), finding 63 types of congenital malformations, of which 38 were new reports. Of the three species, the olive ridley showed a higher incidence of severe anomalies in the craniofacial region (49%), indicating alterations of early developmental pathways; however, several malformations were also observed in the body, including defects in the carapace (45%) and limbs (33%), as well as pigmentation disorders (20%), indicating that deviations occurred during the middle and later stages of development. Although intrinsic factors (i.e., genetic mutations or epigenetic modifications) are difficult to monitor in the field, some environmental factors (such as the incubation temperature, humidity, and probably the status of feeding areas) are, to some extent, less difficult to monitor and/or control. In this review, we describe the aetiology of different malformations observed in sea turtle embryos, and provide some actions that can reduce embryonic mortality.

Dataset Information

Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition.

Publications

Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition.

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