Dataset Information

Invasive Candida Infections in Liver Transplant Recipients: Clinical Features and Risk Factors for Mortality.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Invasive fungal infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among liver transplant recipients (LTRs). In this patient population, invasive Candida infections (ICIs) account for the large majority of cases. To date, only small studies and case-series analysing clinical presentation and risk factors for mortality in LTRs with ICIs are available.

Methods

We performed a retrospective multicenter multinational study in 10 centers in Europe and Brazil. All consecutive LTRs developing ICIs during the period January 2011 to December 2013 were included in the study.

Results

A total of 42 LTRs were included. Median age was 52.5 years, and 78.6% of patients were men. Viral hepatitis was the most common cause for liver transplantation (42.9%). Candidemia represented the majority of cases (24, 57.1%), followed by intra-abdominal candidiasis (18, 42.9%). Overall 30-day mortality was 23.8%, with higher mortality in patients with candidemia compared with intra-abdominal candidiasis (37.5% vs 5.6%, P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed candidemia to be a risk factor associated with mortality among LTRs presenting ICIs (odds ratio, 11.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-280; P = 0.01). Candida albicans represented the most common isolate (59.5%). High rates of antifungal resistances were found, with 16.7% and 4.8% of isolates displaying resistance to azoles and caspofungin, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study confirms the occurrence of high mortality rates in LTRs developing ICIs. Mortality rates varied according to the type of infection, with candidemia representing a risk factor for mortality. The high rates of antifungal resistance should be considered in the choice of the empiric antifungal regimen.

SUBMITTER: Bassetti M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5441987 | biostudies-literature | 2017 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Invasive Candida Infections in Liver Transplant Recipients: Clinical Features and Risk Factors for Mortality.

Bassetti Matteo M Peghin Maddalena M Carnelutti Alessia A Righi Elda E Merelli Maria M Ansaldi Filippo F Trucchi Cecilia C Alicino Cristiano C Sartor Assunta A Wauters Joost J Lagrou Katrien K Tascini Carlo C Menichetti Francesco F Mesini Alessio A De Rosa Francesco G FG Lagunes Leonel L Rello Jordi J Colombo Arnaldo L AL Vena Antonio A Munoz Patricia P Tumbarello Mario M Sganga Gabriele G Martin-Loeches Ignacio I Viscoli Claudio C

Transplantation direct 20170418 5

<h4>Background</h4>Invasive fungal infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among liver transplant recipients (LTRs). In this patient population, invasive Candida infections (ICIs) account for the large majority of cases. To date, only small studies and case-series analysing clinical presentation and risk factors for mortality in LTRs with ICIs are available.<h4>Methods</h4>We performed a retrospective multicenter multinational study in 10 centers in Europe and Brazil. All co ...[more]

PMID: 28573191

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Project description:Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are one of the most important infectious complications after liver transplantation, determining morbidity and mortality. Antimycotic prophylaxis may impede IFI, but a consensus on indication, agent, or duration is still missing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the incidence of IFIs under targeted echinocandin antimycotic prophylaxis in adult high-risk liver transplant recipients. We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing a deceased donor liver transplantation at the Medical University of Innsbruck in the period from 2017 to 2020. Of 299 patients, 224 met the inclusion criteria. We defined patients as being at high risk for IFI if they had two or more prespecified risk factors and these patients received prophylaxis. In total, 85% (190/224) of the patients were correctly classified according to the developed algorithm, being able to predict an IFI with a sensitivity of 89%. Although 83% (90/109) so defined high-risk recipients received echinocandin prophylaxis, 21% (23/109) still developed an IFI. The multivariate analysis identified the age of the recipient (hazard ratio-HR = 0.97, p = 0.027), split liver transplantation (HR = 5.18, p = 0.014), massive intraoperative blood transfusion (HR = 24.08, p = 0.004), donor-derived infection (HR = 9.70, p < 0.001), and relaparotomy (HR = 4.62, p = 0.003) as variables with increased hazard ratios for an IFI within 90 days. The fungal colonization at baseline, high-urgency transplantation, posttransplant dialysis, bile leak, and early transplantation showed significance only in a univariate model. Notably, 57% (12/21) of the invasive Candida infections were caused by a non-albicans species, entailing a markedly reduced one-year survival. The attributable 90-day mortality rate of an IFI after a liver transplant was 53% (9/17). None of the patients with invasive aspergillosis survived. Despite targeted echinocandin prophylaxis, there is still a notable risk for IFI. Consequently, the prophylactic use of echinocandins must be critically questioned regarding the high rate of breakthrough infections, the increased occurrence of fluconazole-resistant pathogens, and the higher mortality rate in non-albicans Candida species. Adherence to the internal prophylaxis algorithms is of immense importance, bearing in mind the high IFI rates in case algorithms are not followed.

Project description:Medication nonadherence after liver transplantation (LT) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes such as graft rejection and graft loss. Few studies have examined nonadherence and its impact on clinical outcomes in LT. The study objectives were (1) to evaluate medication understanding (with treatment knowledge and demonstrated regimen use scores) and medication adherence or nonadherence to entire regimens among LT recipients and (2) to examine associations of these exposures with clinical outcomes. We conducted a 2-site study of 105 recipients between 2011 and 2012 at 2 transplant centers in Chicago, IL and Atlanta, GA. Data were collected via detailed, in-person interviews and medical record reviews. Study participants were middle-aged and predominantly male; 15% of the sample had limited literacy. On average, patients were taking 11 medications [standard deviation (SD)?=?4], and 39% had undergone a medication change within the last month. The average scores for the entire medication regimen were 86% (SD?=?22%) for treatment knowledge and 78% (SD?=?22%) for demonstrated regimen use. The mean score for self-reported nonadherence to the entire regimen was 14% (SD?=?20%), whereas 32% of the patients were nonadherent according to tacrolimus levels. In multivariate analyses, lower income, less time since transplantation, a higher number of medications, and limited literacy were inversely associated with treatment knowledge scores (all P?<?0.05), whereas limited literacy was associated with nonadherence according to tacrolimus levels (P?<?0.05). In multivariate models, higher scores for treatment knowledge [incidence rate ratio (IRR)?=?0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI)?=?0.74-0.97] and demonstrated regimen use (IRR?=?0.87, 95% confidence interval?=?0.77-0.98) were independently associated with 15% and 13% reductions in the number of posttransplant rehospitalizations, respectively. Inadequate treatment knowledge and improper regimen use may be significant determinants of unintentional nonadherence among LT recipients and are associated with adverse clinical outcomes.

Dataset Information

Invasive Candida Infections in Liver Transplant Recipients: Clinical Features and Risk Factors for Mortality.

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Invasive Candida Infections in Liver Transplant Recipients: Clinical Features and Risk Factors for Mortality.

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