Dataset Information

Biochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Non-Heme Fe(II)- and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Ethylene-Forming Enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2.

ABSTRACT: The ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2 is a member of the mononuclear non-heme Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. This enzyme is reported to simultaneously catalyze the conversion of 2OG into ethylene and three CO2 molecules and the C? hydroxylation of l-arginine (l-Arg) while oxidatively decarboxylating 2OG to form succinate and carbon dioxide. A new plasmid construct for expression in recombinant Escherichia coli cells allowed for the purification of large amounts of EFE with activity greater than that previously recorded. A variety of assays were used to quantify and confirm the identity of the proposed products, including the first experimental demonstration of l-?1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and guanidine derived from 5-hydroxyarginine. Selected l-Arg derivatives could induce ethylene formation without undergoing hydroxylation, demonstrating that ethylene production and l-Arg hydroxylation activities are not linked. Similarly, EFE utilizes the alternative ?-keto acid 2-oxoadipate as a cosubstrate (forming glutaric acid) during the hydroxylation of l-Arg, with this reaction unlinked from ethylene formation. Kinetic constants were determined for both ethylene formation and l-Arg hydroxylation reactions. Anaerobic UV-visible difference spectra were used to monitor the binding of Fe(II) and substrates to the enzyme. On the basis of our results and what is generally known about EFE and Fe(II)- and 2OG-dependent oxygenases, an updated model for the reaction mechanism is presented.

SUBMITTER: Martinez S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5444383 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Biochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Non-Heme Fe(II)- and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Ethylene-Forming Enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2.

Martinez Salette S Hausinger Robert P RP

Biochemistry 20161021 43

The ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2 is a member of the mononuclear non-heme Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. This enzyme is reported to simultaneously catalyze the conversion of 2OG into ethylene and three CO<sub>2</sub> molecules and the Cδ hydroxylation of l-arginine (l-Arg) while oxidatively decarboxylating 2OG to form succinate and carbon dioxide. A new plasmid construct for expression in recombinant Escherichia co ...[more]

PMID: 27749027

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Project description:BackgroundPseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448a (P. syringae 1448a), the causative agent of bean halo blight, is a bacterium capable of occupying diverse biological niches. Under conditions of iron starvation P. syringae 1448a secretes siderophores for active uptake of iron. The primary siderophore of P. syringae 1448a is pyoverdine, a fluorescent molecule that is assembled from amino acid precursors by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzymes. Whereas other species of Pseudomonas often exhibit structural variations in the pyoverdine produced by different strains, all P. syringae pathovars previously tested have been found to make an identical pyoverdine molecule. P. syringae 1448a also appears to have the genetic potential to make two secondary siderophores, achromobactin and yersiniabactin, each of which has previously been detected in different P. syringae pathovars.ResultsFive putative pyoverdine NRPS genes in P. syringae 1448a were characterized in-silico and their role in pyoverdine biosynthesis was confirmed by gene knockout. Pyoverdine was purified from P. syringae 1448a and analyzed by MALDI-TOF and MS/MS spectroscopy. Peaks were detected corresponding to the expected sizes for the pyoverdine structure previously found in other P. syringae pathovars, but surprisingly P. syringae 1448a appears to also produce a variant pyoverdine species that has an additional 71 Da monomer incorporated into the peptide side chain. Creation of pyoverdine null mutants of P. syringae 1448a revealed that this strain also produces achromobactin as a temperature-regulated secondary siderophore, but does not appear to make yersiniabactin. Pyoverdine and achromobactin null mutants were characterized in regard to siderophore production, iron uptake, virulence and growth in iron limited conditions.ConclusionsThis study provides the first evidence of a P. syringae pathovar producing a side chain variant form of pyoverdine. We also describe novel IC₅₀ and liquid CAS assays to quantify the contribution of different siderophores across a range of iron starvation conditions, and show that although achromobactin has potential to contribute to fitness its contribution is masked by the presence of pyoverdine, which is a significantly more effective siderophore. Neither pyoverdine nor achromobactin appear to be required for P. syringae 1448a to cause bean halo blight, indicating that these siderophores are not promising targets for crop protection strategies.

Project description:Ethylene is one of the most used chemical monomers derived from non-renewable sources and we are investigating the possibility of producing it in yeast via the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae. To enable engineering strategies to improve the enzyme, it is necessary to identify the regions and amino acid residues involved in ethylene formation.We identified the open reading frame for the EFE homolog in Penicillium digitatum and also showed its capability of mediating ethylene production in yeast. The sequence of the EFE homologs from P.digitatum and P. syringae was compared to that of the non-functional EFE-homolog from Penicillium chrysogenum and ten amino acids were found to correlate with ethylene production. Several of these amino acid residues were found to be important for ethylene production via point mutations in P. syringae EFE. The EFE homolog from P. chrysogenum was engineered at 10 amino acid residues to mimic the P. syringae EFE, but this did not confer ethylene producing capability.Furthermore, we predicted the structure of EFE by homology to known structures of 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II) dependent dioxygenases. Three of the amino acids correlating with ethylene production are located in the predicted 2-oxoglutarate binding domain. A protein domain specific for the EFE-class was shown to be essential for activity. Based on the structure and alanine substitutions, it is likely that amino acids (H189, D191 and H268) are responsible for binding the Fe(II) ligand.We provide further insight into the structure and function of the ethylene forming (EFE) - subclass of 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II) dependent dioxygenases. We conclude that residues in addition to the 10 identified positions implicated in ethylene production by sequence comparison, are important for determining ethylene formation. We also demonstrate the use of an alternative EFE gene. The data from this study will provide the basis for directed protein engineering to enhance the ethylene production capability and properties of EFE.

Dataset Information

Biochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Non-Heme Fe(II)- and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Ethylene-Forming Enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2.

Publications

Biochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Non-Heme Fe(II)- and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Ethylene-Forming Enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2.

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