Dataset Information

Efficacy and Safety of IDegLira in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes in India Uncontrolled on Oral Antidiabetic Drugs and Basal Insulin: Data from the DUAL Clinical Trial Program.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) has been evaluated in the Dual Action of Liraglutide and Insulin Degludec in Type 2 Diabetes (DUAL) phase 3 clinical trial program. In this post hoc analysis, we compared the efficacy and safety of IDegLira in the Indian subpopulation with the results from the global trial population of DUAL trials. The analysis includes participants uncontrolled on oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in DUAL I and DUAL IV and participants uncontrolled on basal insulin and OADs in DUAL II.

Methods

Three phase 3 trials were included in the analysis: DUAL I extension (IDegLira vs. insulin degludec or liraglutide 1.8 mg in participants uncontrolled on metformin ± pioglitazone; 52 weeks; n = 1663), DUAL IV (IDegLira vs. placebo as an add-on to a regimen of sulfonylurea ± metformin; 26 weeks; n = 435) and DUAL II (IDegLira vs. insulin degludec in participants uncontrolled on basal insulin + OADs; 26 weeks; n = 398). There were 251, 64 and 64 participants, respectively, at the Indian sites.

Results

In the Indian subpopulations, the reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) with IDegLira were substantial [DUAL I: 1.96% (-21 mmol/mol); DUAL IV: -1.40% (-15 mmol/mol); DUAL II: -2.20% (-24 mmol/mol)] and significantly greater than those in the comparators in each trial. IDegLira was generally weight-neutral after the administration of OADs (-0.3 and +0.6 kg in DUAL I and DUAL IV) and resulted in weight loss after the administration of basal insulin (-2.1 kg in DUAL II). Hypoglycemia rates were 1.98, 1.08 and 0.37 events/patient-years of exposure (PYE) for IDegLira, insulin degludec and liraglutide in DUAL I, 4.06 and 0.36 events/PYE for IDegLira and placebo in DUAL IV and 1.16 and 0.83 events/PYE with IDegLira and insulin degludec in DUAL II.

Conclusions

Results from the Indian subpopulations reflect those of the global study populations, supporting IDegLira as an effective and safe treatment option for people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on OADs or basal insulin + OADs in the South Asian population.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01336023 (DUAL I), NCT01392573 (DUAL II), NCT01618162 (DUAL IV).

Funding

Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.

SUBMITTER: Khunti K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5446379 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:IntroductionFew patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) achieve recommended glycemic control targets in the Czech Republic. Novel therapies, such as fixed-ratio combinations of basal insulin plus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, may contribute to better glycemic control. In the analysis presented here, the present analysis assessed the long-term cost-effectiveness of two fixed-ratio combinations, IDegLira (insulin degludec/liraglutide) and iGlarLixi (insulin glargine/lixisenatide), for the treatment of patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with basal insulin from a healthcare payer perspective in the Czech Republic.MethodsA cost-effectiveness analysis was performed over patient lifetimes using the IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model. Treatment effects were obtained from an indirect treatment comparison as no head-to-head data for IDegLira versus iGlarLixi are currently available. IDegLira was compared with two iGlarLixi pens (100 U/mL insulin glargine + 33 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL of lixisenatide, respectively). Direct medical costs associated with pharmaceutical interventions, screening and diabetes-related complications were captured. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsIDegLira was associated with gains in life expectancy of 0.11 years and in quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.14 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) versus iGlarLixi, due to a lower cumulative incidence and delayed onset of diabetes-related complications. IDegLira was also associated with higher projected costs due to higher acquisition costs; however, these were partially offset by cost savings from avoided complications. IDegLira was associated with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of Czech Koruna (CZK) 695,998 and CZK 348,323 per QALY gained versus iGlarLixi pens containing 33 and 50 μg/mL of lixisenatide, respectively. These ratios were below the commonly used willingness-to-pay threshold of CZK 1,200,000 per QALY gained.ConclusionThe present analysis indicated that IDegLira was associated with clinical benefits relative to iGlarLixi over patient lifetimes and was likely to be cost-effective in the treatment of patients with T2DM uncontrolled on basal insulin in the Czech Republic.FundingNovo Nordisk. Plain language summary is available for this article.

Project description:AIMS:To assess whether people with type 2 diabetes transferring from higher basal insulin doses (> 20 units) to a starting dose of 16 units of insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) benefit from IDegLira with/without transient loss of glycaemic control. METHODS:Post hoc analysis of DUAL V and VII assessed fasting self-measured blood glucose (SMBG) over weeks 1-8, changes in HbA1c, body weight and mean insulin dose over 26 weeks, and percentage of participants achieving HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) by end of trial in participants with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled with basal insulin. IDegLira was compared with continued up-titration of insulin glargine (IGlar U100) in DUAL V, or switching to basal-bolus therapy in DUAL VII (IGlar U100 and insulin aspart), across pre-trial insulin dose groups (20-29, 30-39 and 40-50 units/day). RESULTS:In all subgroups, participants treated with IDegLira experienced significant improvements in HbA1c by end of trial, which were greater than with IGlar U100 up-titration (estimated treatment difference -5.86, -6.59 and -6.91 mmol/mol for pre-trial insulin doses of 20-29, 30-39 and 40-50 units/day, respectively) and similar to basal-bolus therapy (estimated treatment difference -0.16, -1.0 and -0.01 mmol/mol for pre-trial insulin doses of 20-29, 30-39 and 40-50 units/day, respectively). Compared with IGlar U100 and basal-bolus therapy, IDegLira participants experienced weight loss vs. weight gain, lower rates of hypoglycaemia and a lower mean end of trial total daily insulin dose. In both trials, mean fasting SMBG decreased from weeks 1 to 8 across all subgroups, despite a temporary increase in mean fasting SMBG in the 40-50 units pre-trial insulin dose group during week 1 [mean increase (sd) +1.1 (2.0) mmol/l for DUAL V and +1.1 (2.1) mmol/l for DUAL VII], which reverted to baseline by week 4. CONCLUSIONS:Regardless of pre-trial insulin dose, IDegLira resulted in improved clinical outcomes, even in participants transferring from 40-50 units of basal insulin, despite a transient (< 4 weeks), clinically non-relevant, elevation in pre-breakfast SMBG. (Clinical Trial Registry Number NCT01952145 and NCT02420262).

Project description:INTRODUCTION:DUAL II Japan (NCT02911948) was a 26-week, phase 3a randomized, treat-to-target trial which compared the efficacy and safety of IDegLira with degludec in 210 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) uncontrolled on premixed or basal insulin therapy. The DUAL II Japan trial presented the opportunity for a post hoc analysis to examine the safety and efficacy of switching patients from a premixed regimen (containing both basal and bolus insulin components) to IDegLira. METHODS:Patients from DUAL II Japan were stratified according to prior insulin regimen (premixed or basal insulin). The following endpoints were assessed in this post hoc analysis by pre-trial insulin regimen: change in HbA1c, body weight, daily total insulin dose, nine-point self-measured blood glucose, and severe or blood glucose-confirmed hypoglycemia (defined as severe or plasma glucose less than 56 mg/dL). RESULTS:This post hoc analysis included 39 patients who switched from premixed insulin to IDegLira. The treatment effect in this population was independent of insulin type at baseline (premixed or basal; interaction test, P = 0.2535). In patients switching from premixed insulin to IDegLira, mean [standard deviation (SD)] HbA1c was 8.26% (0.73) at baseline and 6.68% (0.93) at week 26. Mean (SD) body weight was reduced by 1.5 (2.9) kg. At week 26, daily insulin dose was 34.2 dose steps. After 26 weeks, the mean prandial increment was smaller at all meals with IDegLira irrespective of pre-trial insulin regimen. Rate of hypoglycemic events was 2.59 events/patient-year of exposure over the 26 weeks. CONCLUSION:This post hoc study is the first to evaluate the switch from premixed insulin to IDegLira in patients with uncontrolled T2D. IDegLira initiation resulted in improved HbA1c and weight loss. This study offers insight into the effectiveness and safety of switching patients from premixed insulin therapy to IDegLira, and provides support for further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION:NCT02911948.

Project description:ObjectivesAchieving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes is important as it reduces the risk of complications and their related clinical and economic burden. Yet therapeutic inertia due to the fear of hypoglycemia, complex treatment regimens, weight gain, and therapy costs, among others, limits achieving glycemic control. This analysis aims to assess the short-term cost of control (cost per patient achieving treatment goals) with insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) versus other forms of basal insulin intensification (insulin glargine titration, basal-bolus therapy, and the combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide: IGlarLixi) in type 2 diabetes patients not controlled with basal insulin in the Mexican private setting.MethodsThe proportion of patients achieving treatment goals was obtained from DUAL V and DUAL VII studies (full trial population) and a indirect treatment comparison analyzing IDegLira versus IGlarLixi. Annual cost of treatment was estimated using unitary costs from IQVIA's Pharmaceutical Market Mexico (PMM) audit and wholesale acquisition costs (both from December 2021). The cost of control was estimated by dividing the annual cost of treatment by the proportion of patients achieving the corresponding treatment goal: glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) < 7.0%, HbA1C < 7.0% without weight gain, HbA1C < 7.0% without hypoglycemia, and HbA1C < 7.0% without hypoglycemia and weight gain. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess how variations in the model inputs impacted cost-effectiveness outcomes.ResultsThe proportion of patients achieving treatment goals was higher for IDegLira versus other forms of basal insulin intensification in all endpoints assessed. The annual cost of treatment with IDegLira was similar to the cost of treatment versus IGlarLixi or versus basal-bolus therapy ($54,659 versus $55,831 MXN and $51,008 versus $52,987 MXN, respectively), and higher in comparison with insulin glargine titration ($52,186 versus $40,194 MXN). The cost of controlling one patient with IDegLira was lower than any other form of basal insulin intensification, for all treatment goals.ConclusionWhen integrating the greater clinical efficacy of IDegLira with its annual cost, it can be shown that within 1 year, IDegLira is the best option in terms of value for money for payers in a private healthcare setting in Mexico in comparison with other forms of basal insulin intensification. Thus, investing in IDegLira not only represents a greater clinical benefit, but also an economical one for payers.

Project description:IntroductionIDegLira is a once-daily combination of insulin degludec (IDeg) and liraglutide. Trials directly comparing IDegLira with alternative strategies for intensifying basal insulin are ongoing. While awaiting results, this analysis compared indirectly how different strategies affected glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and other outcomes.MethodsA pooled analysis of five completed Novo Nordisk randomized clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin was used to compare indirectly IDegLira (N = 199) with: addition of liraglutide to basal insulin (N = 225) [glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) add-on strategy]; basal-bolus (BB) insulin [insulin glargine (IGlar) + insulin aspart] (N = 56); or up-titration of IGlar (N = 329). A supplementary analysis was performed with the BB arm including patients who received IGlar or IDeg as basal insulin in the relevant trial (N = 210). All trials had comparable inclusion/exclusion criteria and baseline characteristics. Individual patient-level data were analyzed using multivariable statistical models with potential baseline heterogeneity accounted for using explanatory variables.ResultsAt end of study, differences between IDegLira and BB or up-titrated IGlar, respectively, were as follows: reduction in HbA1c -0.30%, 95% confidence interval (-0.58; -0.01) and -0.65% (-0.83; -0.47); change in body weight -6.89 kg (-7.92; -5.86) and -4.04 kg (-4.69; -3.40) all in favor of IDegLira. Confirmed hypoglycemia rate was 122.8 (90.7; 166.1), 1060.8 (680.2; 1654.4), and 286.1 (231.1; 354.1) events/100 patient-years for IDegLira, BB, and up-titrated IGlar, respectively. Odds ratios for achieving HbA1c <7.0%, <7.0% without hypoglycemia, and <7.0% without hypoglycemia and no weight gain were greater with IDegLira versus up-titrated IGlar. The supplementary analysis yielded similar results to the main analysis. Results with IDegLira were similar to those for the 'GLP-1RA add-on' arm.ConclusionThese results suggest that IDegLira may be more effective, with lower hypoglycemia rates and less weight gain, than up-titrated basal insulin or BB in patients uncontrolled on basal insulin.