Role of NOD2 Pathway Genes in Sarcoidosis Cases with Clinical Characteristics of Blau Syndrome.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bello GA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5447311 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Role of NOD2 Pathway Genes in Sarcoidosis Cases with Clinical Characteristics of Blau Syndrome.
Bello Ghalib A GA Adrianto Indra I Dumancas Gerard G GG Levin Albert M AM Iannuzzi Michael C MC Rybicki Benjamin A BA Montgomery Courtney C
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 20151101 9
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| S-EPMC4530052 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The studies described here provide an analysis of the pathogenesis of Blau syndrome and thereby the function of NOD2 as seen through the lens of its dysfunction resulting from Blau-associated NOD2 mutations in its nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). As such, this analysis also sheds light on the role of NOD2 risk polymorphisms in the LRR domain occurring in Crohn's disease. The main finding was that Blau NOD2 mutations precipitate a loss of canonical NOD2 signaling via RIPK2 and that this loss has two consequences: first, it results in defective NOD2 ligand (MDP)-mediated NF-κB activation and second, it disrupts NOD2-mediated cross-regulation whereby NOD2 downregulates concomitant innate (TLR) responses. Strong evidence is also presented favoring the view that NOD2-mediated cross-regulation is under mechanistic control by IRF4 and that failure to up-regulate this factor because of faulty NOD2 signaling is the proximal cause of defective cross-regulation and the latter's effect on Blau syndrome inflammation. Overall, these studies highlight the role of NOD2 as a regulatory factor and thus provide additional insight into its function in inflammatory disease. Mutations in the nucleotide binding domain of the CARD15 (NOD2) gene underlie the granulomatous inflammation characterizing Blau syndrome (BS). In studies probing the mechanism of this inflammation we show here that NOD2 plasmids expressing various Blau mutations in HEK293 cells result in reduced NOD2 activation of RIPK2 and correspondingly reduced NOD2 activation of NF-κB. These in vitro studies of NOD2 signaling were accompanied by in vivo studies showing that BS-NOD2 also exhibit defects in cross-regulation of innate responses underlying inflammation. Thus, whereas over-expressed intact NOD2 suppresses TNBS-colitis, over-expressed BS-NOD2 does not; in addition, whereas administration of NOD2 ligand (muramyl dipeptide, MDP) suppresses DSS-colitis in Wild Type (WT) mice it fails to do so in homozygous or heterozygous mice bearing a NOD2 Blau mutation. Similarly, mice bearing a Blau mutation exhibit enhanced anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. The basis of such cross-regulatory failure was revealed in studies showing that MDP-stimulated cells bearing BS-NOD2 exhibit a reduced capacity to signal via RIPK2 as well as a reduced capacity to up-regulate IRF4, a factor shown previously to mediate NOD2 suppression of NF-κB activation. Indeed, TLR-stimulated cells bearing a Blau mutation exhibited enhanced in vitro cytokine responses that are quieted by lentivirus transduction of IRF4. In addition, enhanced anti-collagen-induced joint inflammation in mice bearing a Blau mutation was accompanied by reduced IRF4 expression in inflamed joint tissue and IRF4 expression was reduced in MDP-stimulated cells from BS patients. Thus, inflammation characterizing Blau syndrome are caused, at least in part, by faulty canonical signaling and reduce IRF4-mediated cross-regulation.
| S-EPMC9520668 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundBlau syndrome (BS) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder with NOD2 gain-of-function mutation and characterized by autoactivation of the NFκB pathway. Classically considered a disease of high penetrance, reports on NOD2 mutations underlining BS with incomplete penetrance is limited.Case presentationThe proband is a 9-year-old girl presented with brownish annular infiltrative plaques and symmetric boggy polyarthritis over bilateral wrists and ankles. Her skin biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas inflammation with multinucleated giant cells. A novel C483W NOD2 mutation was identify in the proband and her asymptomatic father. Functional examinations including autoactivation of the NFκB pathway demonstrated by in vitro HEK293T NOD2 overexpression test as well as intracellular staining of phosphorylated-NFκB in patient's CD11b+ cells were consistent with BS.ConclusionsWe reported a novel C483W NOD2 mutation underlining BS with incomplete penetrance. Moreover, a phosphorylated-NFκB intracellular staining assay of CD11b+ was proposed to assist functional evaluation of NFκB autoactivation in patient with BS.
| S-EPMC9531522 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (Nod) 2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, which recognizes muramyl dipeptide (N-Acetylmuramyl-L-Alanyl-D-Isoglutamine: MDP), a bacterial peptidoglycan component, and makes a NF-κB-activating complex called nodosome with adaptor protein RICK (RIP2/RIPK2). Nod2 mutants are associated with the autoinflammatory diseases, Blau syndrome (BS)/early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS). For drug discovery of BS/EOS, we tried to develop Nod2-nodosome in a cell-free system. FLAG-tagged RICK, biotinylated-Nod2, and BS/EOS-associated Nod2 mutants were synthesized, and proximity signals between FLAG-tagged and biotinylated proteins were detected by amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (ALPHA). Upon incubation with MDP, the ALPHA signal of interaction between Nod2-WT and RICK was increased in a dose-dependent manner. The ALPHA signal of interaction between RICK and the BS/EOS-associated Nod2 mutants was more significantly increased than Nod2-WT. Notably, the ALPHA signal between Nod2-WT and RICK was increased upon incubation with MDP, but not when incubated with the same concentrations, L-alanine, D-isoglutamic acid, or the MDP-D-isoform. Thus, we successfully developed Nod2-nodosome in a cell-free system reflecting its function in vivo, and it can be useful for screening Nod2-nodosome-targeted therapeutic molecules for BS/EOS and granulomatous inflammatory diseases.
| S-EPMC4926014 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE: To characterize the clinical features of a Chinese pedigree with Blau syndrome and to identify mutations in the NOD2/CARD15 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2/caspase recruitment domain family, member 15) gene. METHODS: Clinical features of this family were evaluated. Genomic DNA was obtained from blood samples, and all exons of NOD2/CARD15 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing of PCR products was performed for mutations in NOD2/CARD15. RESULTS: Granulomatous arthritis, uveitis, and skin granulomas were found in all affected members. Sequencing analysis demonstrated a heterozygous C>T mutation in exon 4 of NOD2/CARD15 in all patients of this pedigree, which resulted in an amino acid substitution at position 334 (p.R334W). CONCLUSIONS: The R334W mutation in NOD2/CARD15 caused Blau syndrome in a Chinese pedigree. This is the first report of R334W mutation in NOD2/CARD15 in a Chinese pedigree of this disease.
| S-EPMC3324354 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Blau syndrome is a rare, autosomal-dominant, autoinflammatory disorder characterized by granulomatous arthritis, uveitis, and dermatitis. Genetics studies have shown that the disease is caused by single nonsynonymous substitutions in NOD-2, a member of the NOD-like receptor or NACHT-leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family of intracellular proteins. Several NLRs function in the innate immune system as sensors of pathogen components and participate in immune-mediated cellular responses via the caspase 1 inflammasome. Mutations in a gene related to NOD-2, NLRP3, are responsible for excess caspase 1-dependent interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in cryopyrinopathies such as Muckle-Wells syndrome. Furthermore, functional studies demonstrate that caspase 1-mediated release of IL-1beta also involves NOD-2. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that IL-1beta may mediate the inflammation seen in patients with Blau syndrome.IL-1beta release was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in vitro, obtained from 5 Blau syndrome individuals with a NOD2 (CARD15) mutation.We observed no evidence for increased IL-1beta production in cells obtained from subjects with Blau syndrome compared with healthy control subjects. Furthermore, we presented 2 cases of Blau syndrome in which recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) was ineffective treatment.Taken together, these data suggest that in contrast to related IL-1beta-dependent autoinflammatory cryopyrinopathies, Blau syndrome is not mediated by excess IL-1beta or other IL-1 activity.
| S-EPMC2654171 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Blau syndrome (BS) is a rare autosomal dominant, inflammatory syndrome that is characterized by the clinical triad of granulomatous dermatitis, symmetric arthritis, and recurrent uveitis. Mutations in the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) gene are responsible for causing BS. To date, up to 30 Blau-associated genetic mutations have been identified within this gene. We report a novel NOD2 genetic mutation that causes BS. A girl, aged 8 years, and her brother, aged 10 years, developed erythematous skin rashes and uveitis. The computed tomography angiogram of the younger sister showed features of midaortic dysplastic syndrome. The brother had more prominent joint involvement than the sister. Their father (38 years) was also affected by uveitis; however, only minimal skin involvement was observed in his case. The paternal aunt (39 years) and her daughter (13 years) were previously diagnosed with sarcoidosis. Mutational analysis revealed a novel c.1439 A>G mutation in the NOD2 gene in both siblings. The novel c.1439 A>G mutation in the NOD2 gene was found in a familial case of BS. Although BS is rare, it should always be considered in patients presenting with sarcoidosis-like features at a young age. Early diagnosis of BS and prompt multisystem workup including the eyes and joints can improve the patient's outcome.
| S-EPMC5177712 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Blau syndrome is a systemic autoinflammatory granulomatous disease caused by mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) gene. NOD2 is an intracellular pathogen recognition receptor. Upon binding to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), NOD2 activates the NF-κB pathway, leading to the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Clinical manifestations of Blau syndrome appear in patients before the age of four. Skin manifestations resolve spontaneously in some cases; however, joint and eye manifestations are progressive, and lead to serious complications, such as joint contracture and blindness. Currently, there is no specific curative treatment for the disease. Administration of high-dose oral steroids can improve clinical manifestations; however, treatments is difficult to maintain due to the severity of the side effects, especially in children. While several new therapies have been reported, including JAK inhibitors, anti-IL-6 and anti-IL-1 therapies, anti-TNF therapy plays a central role in the treatment of Blau syndrome. We recently performed an ex vivo study, using peripheral blood and induced pluripotent stem cells from patients. This study demonstrated that abnormal cytokine expression in macrophages from untreated patients requires IFNγ stimulation, and that anti-TNF treatment corrects the abnormalities associated with Blau syndrome, even in the presence of IFNγ. Therefore, although the molecular mechanisms by which the genetic mutations in NOD2 lead to granuloma formation remain unclear, it is possible that prior exposure to TNFα combined with IFNγ stimulation may provide the impetus for the clinical manifestations of Blau syndrome.
| S-EPMC9195515 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Understanding how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lead to disease at a molecular level provides a starting point for improved therapeutic intervention. SNPs in the innate immune receptor nucleotide oligomerisation domain 2 (NOD2) can cause the inflammatory disorders Blau Syndrome (BS) and early onset sarcoidosis (EOS) through receptor hyperactivation. Here, we show that these polymorphisms cluster into two primary locations: the ATP/Mg(2+)-binding site and helical domain 1. Polymorphisms in these two locations may consequently dysregulate ATP hydrolysis and NOD2 autoinhibition, respectively. Complementary mutations in NOD1 did not mirror the NOD2 phenotype, which indicates that NOD1 and NOD2 are activated and regulated by distinct methods.
| S-EPMC4158908 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The biochemical mechanism by which mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) cause Blau syndrome is unknown. Several studies have examined the effect of mutations associated with Blau syndrome in vitro, but none has looked at the implication of the mutations in vivo. To test the hypothesis that mutated NOD2 causes alterations in signaling pathways downstream of NOD2, we created a Nod2 knock-in mouse carrying the most common mutation seen in Blau syndrome, R314Q (corresponding to R334Q in humans). The endogenous regulatory elements of mouse Nod2 were unaltered. R314Q mice showed reduced cytokine production in response to i.p. and intravitreal muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Macrophages from R314Q mice showed reduced NF-κB and IL-6 responses, blunted phosphorylation of MAPKs, and deficient ubiquitination of receptor-interacting protein 2 in response to MDP. R314Q mice expressed a truncated 80-kDa form of NOD2 that was most likely generated by a posttranslational event because there was no evidence for a stop codon or alternative splicing event. Human macrophages from two patients with Blau syndrome also showed a reduction of both cytokine production and phosphorylation of p38 in response to MDP, indicating that both R314Q mice and cells from patients with Blau syndrome show reduced responses to MDP. These data indicate that the R314Q mutation when studied with the Nod2 endogenous regulatory elements left intact is associated with marked structural and biochemical changes that are significantly different from those observed from studies of the mutation using overexpression, transient transfection systems.
| S-EPMC4722953 | biostudies-literature