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Comets: looking ahead.

ABSTRACT: We outline the key questions about comets that must be answered in order to understand cometary formation in the context of the protoplanetary disc and the role of comets in the formation and evolution of the solar system. We then discuss the new understanding of comets from Rosetta and from other recent advances, including work presented by others at the discussion meeting. Finally, we suggest some key directions for future projects to better address the above questions.This article is part of the themed issue 'Cometary science after Rosetta'.

SUBMITTER: A'Hearn MF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5454229 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Comets: looking ahead.

A'Hearn Michael F MF

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences 20170701 2097

We outline the key questions about comets that must be answered in order to understand cometary formation in the context of the protoplanetary disc and the role of comets in the formation and evolution of the solar system. We then discuss the new understanding of comets from Rosetta and from other recent advances, including work presented by others at the discussion meeting. Finally, we suggest some key directions for future projects to better address the above questions.This article is part of ...[more]

PMID: 28554980

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Newborn screening for galactosemia in the United States: looking back, looking around, and looking ahead.

Project description:It has been 50 years since the first newborn screening (NBS) test for galactosemia was conducted in Oregon, and almost 10 years since the last US state added galactosemia to their NBS panel. During that time an estimated >2,500 babies with classic galactosemia have been identified by NBS. Most of these infants were spared the trauma of acute disease by early diagnosis and intervention, and many are alive today because of NBS. Newborn screening for galactosemia is a success story, but not yet a story with a completely happy ending. NBS, follow-up testing, and intervention for galactosemia continue to present challenges that highlight gaps in our knowledge. Here we compare galactosemia screening and follow-up data from 39 NBS programs gathered from the states directly or from public sources. On some matters the programs agreed: for example, those providing relevant data all identify classic galactosemia in close to 1/50,000 newborns and recommend immediate and lifelong dietary restriction of galactose for those infants. On other matters the programs disagree. For example, Duarte galactosemia (DG) detection rates vary dramatically among states, largely reflecting differences in screening approach. For infants diagnosed with DG, >80% of the programs surveyed recommend complete or partial dietary galactose restriction for the first year of life, or give mixed recommendations; <20% recommend no intervention. This disparity presents an ongoing dilemma for families and healthcare providers that could and should be resolved.

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Looking ahead in working memory to guide sequential behaviour.

Project description:Working memory can maintain multiple sensory representations to serve unfolding sequential behaviour, such as while making tea or planning a route. How the human mind juggles internal representations as they become relevant to guide sequential behaviour remains poorly understood. Specifically, while there is good evidence that we can flexibly switch priorities among representations in working memory1-4, it is unclear how and when dormant memory representations are brought into focus during sequential behaviour. Capitalising on a recently established and temporally precise gaze marker of internal selection5,6, we reveal that the focus in the mind moves to the next-relevant memory representation while behaviour associated with the presently relevant memory representation is still ongoing. Thus, like visual sampling of external objects in the world7-9, internal visual sampling also 'looks ahead' to the next object in memory during sequential behaviour.

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Looking ahead: giant-cell arteritis in 10 years time.

Project description:Although great improvements have been achieved in the fields of diagnosing and treating patients with giant-cell arteritis (GCA) in the last decades, several questions remain unanswered. The progressive increase in the number of older people, together with growing awareness of the disease and use of advanced diagnostic tools by healthcare professionals, foretells a possible increase in both prevalence and number of newly diagnosed patients with GCA in the coming years. A thorough clarification of pathogenetic mechanisms and a better definition of clinical subsets are the first steps toward a better understanding of the disease and, subsequently, toward a better use of existing and future therapeutic options. Examination of the role of different imaging techniques for GCA diagnosing and monitoring, optimization, and personalization of glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressive agents, further development and introduction of novel drugs, identification of prognostic factors for long-term outcomes and management of treatment discontinuation will be the central topics of the research agenda in years to come.

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Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies: looking ahead, toward gene correction.

Project description:Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice for severe primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). For patients lacking an HLA-identical donor, gene therapy is an attractive therapeutic option. Approaches based on insertion of a functional gene by using viral vectors have provided proof of concept for the ability of gene therapy to cure PIDs. However, leukemic transformation as a result of insertional mutagenesis has been observed, prompting development of novel approaches based on introduction of DNA double-strand breaks into the endogenous locus to achieve gene correction, or into a safe genomic location ("safe harbor"). Homing endonucleases and zinc finger nucleases are target-specific endonucleases that induce site-specific DNA double-strand breaks, facilitating homologous recombination around their target sites to achieve gene correction or gene insertion into safe harbors. An alternative approach to achieve site-specific insertion of functional genes is based on transposons, DNA elements that spontaneously translocate from a specific chromosomal location to another. These novel tools may lead to efficient and safer strategies to achieve gene therapy for PIDs and other disorders.

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Syntactic Versus Memory Accounts of the Sentence Comprehension Deficits of Specific Language Impairment: Looking Back, Looking Ahead.

Project description:PurposeCompared with same-age typically developing peers, school-age children with specific language impairment (SLI) exhibit significant deficits in spoken sentence comprehension. They also demonstrate a range of memory limitations. Whether these 2 deficit areas are related is unclear. The present review article aims to (a) review 2 main theoretical accounts of SLI sentence comprehension and various studies supporting each and (b) offer a new, broader, more integrated memory-based framework to guide future SLI research, as we believe the available evidence favors a memory-based perspective of SLI comprehension limitations.MethodWe reviewed the literature on the sentence comprehension abilities of English-speaking children with SLI from 2 theoretical perspectives.ResultsThe sentence comprehension limitations of children with SLI appear to be more fully captured by a memory-based perspective than by a syntax-specific deficit perspective.ConclusionsAlthough a memory-based view appears to be the better account of SLI sentence comprehension deficits, this view requires refinement and expansion. Current memory-based perspectives of adult sentence comprehension, with proper modification, offer SLI investigators new, more integrated memory frameworks within which to study and better understand the sentence comprehension abilities of children with SLI.

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Looking ahead: When do you find the next item in foraging visual search?

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Project description: Not available

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