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Experimental Study on Conductivity Anisotropy of Limestone Considering the Bedding Directional Effect in the Whole Process of Uniaxial Compression.

ABSTRACT: Experimental studies were conducted on the changes of the potential differences in different directions during the uniaxial compression on limestone samples parallel and normal to the bedding plane. In the test, electric current was supplied at both ends of the samples, and concurrent measurement was conducted in four measuring lines at a 45-degree angle to each other. First, the change laws of the potential differences in different directions and the similarities and differences of rock samples were summarized. In regards to the uniaxial compression properties and crack growth, the above-mentioned similarities and differences were further analyzed. Then, the anisotropy factor was introduced to further explore the response characteristics. It was found that the anisotropic changes of rock samples went through three stages during the uniaxial compression process, providing a reference for describing the properties in different failure stages of rock samples and obtaining precursory information about the fracture. Besides, the relationship between the peak stress and initial potential difference in a direction normal to the current direction was obtained by means of data fitting, providing a new method of predicting the uniaxial compressive strength of rock samples. According to the preceding analysis, this paper studied rock anisotropy by considering the bedding directional effect in terms of conductivity and provided a reference for subsequent study on rock materials' properties and engineering practices.

SUBMITTER: Xu X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5456710 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Experimental Study on Conductivity Anisotropy of Limestone Considering the Bedding Directional Effect in the Whole Process of Uniaxial Compression.

Xu Xinji X Liu Bin B Li Shucai S Yang Lei L Song Jie J Li Ming M Mei Jie J

Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 20160304 3

Experimental studies were conducted on the changes of the potential differences in different directions during the uniaxial compression on limestone samples parallel and normal to the bedding plane. In the test, electric current was supplied at both ends of the samples, and concurrent measurement was conducted in four measuring lines at a 45-degree angle to each other. First, the change laws of the potential differences in different directions and the similarities and differences of rock samples ...[more]

PMID: 28773287

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Project description:In rocks or rock-like materials, the constituents, e.g. quartz, calcite and biotite, as well as the microdefects have considerably different mechanical properties that make such materials heterogeneous at different degrees. The failure of materials subjected to external loads is a cracking process accompanied with stress redistribution due to material heterogeneity. However, the latter cannot be observed from the experiments in laboratory directly. In this study, the cracking and stress features during uniaxial compression process are numerically studied based on a presented approach. A plastic strain dependent strength model is implemented into the continuous numerical tool-Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in three Dimensions (FLAC3D), and the Gaussian statistical function is adopted to depict the heterogeneity of mechanical parameters including elastic modulus, friction angle, cohesion and tensile strength. The mean parameter μ and the coefficient of variance (hcv, the ratio of mean parameter to standard deviation) in the function are used to define the mean value and heterogeneity degree of the parameters, respectively. The results show that this numerical approach can perfectly capture the general features of brittle materials including fracturing process, AE events as well as stress-strain curves. Furthermore, the local stress disturbance is analyzed and the crack initiation stress threshold is identified based on the AE events process and stress-strain curves. It is shown that the stress concentration always appears in the undamaged elements near the boundary of damaged sites. The peak stress and crack initiation stress are both heterogeneity dependent, i.e., a linear relation exists between the two stress thresholds and hcv. The range of hcv is suggested as 0.12 to 0.21 for most rocks. The stress concentration degree is represented by a stress concentration factor and found also heterogeneity dominant. Finally, it is found that there exists a consistent tendency between the local stress difference and the AE events process.

Project description:The vibrational modes in organic/inorganic layered perovskites are of fundamental importance for their optoelectronic properties. The hierarchical architecture of the Ruddlesden-Popper phase of these materials allows for distinct directionality of the vibrational modes with respect to the main axes of the pseudocubic lattice in the octahedral plane. Here, we study the directionality of the fundamental phonon modes in single exfoliated Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite flakes with polarized Raman spectroscopy at ultralow frequencies. A wealth of Raman bands is distinguished in the range from 15 to 150 cm-1 (2-15 meV), whose features depend on the organic cation species, on temperature, and on the direction of the linear polarization of the incident light. By controlling the angle of the linear polarization of the excitation laser with respect to the in-plane axes of the octahedral layer, we gain detailed information on the symmetry of the vibrational modes. The choice of two different organic moieties, phenethylammonium (PEA) and butylammonium (BA), allows us to discern the influence of the linker molecules, evidencing strong anisotropy of the vibrations for the (PEA)2PbBr4 samples. Temperature-dependent Raman measurements reveal that the broad phonon bands observed at room temperature consist of a series of sharp modes and that such mode splitting strongly differs for the different organic moieties and vibrational bands. Softer molecules such as BA result in lower vibrational frequencies and splitting into fewer modes, while more rigid molecules such as PEA lead to higher frequency oscillations and larger number of Raman peaks at low temperature. Interestingly, in distinct bands the number of peaks in the Raman bands is doubled for the rigid PEA compared to the soft BA linkers. Our work shows that the coupling to specific vibrational modes can be controlled by the incident light polarization and choice of the organic moiety, which could be exploited for tailoring exciton-phonon interaction, and for optical switching of the optoelectronic properties of such 2D layered materials.

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Experimental Study on Conductivity Anisotropy of Limestone Considering the Bedding Directional Effect in the Whole Process of Uniaxial Compression.

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Experimental Study on Conductivity Anisotropy of Limestone Considering the Bedding Directional Effect in the Whole Process of Uniaxial Compression.

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