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Dynamic fracture of tantalum under extreme tensile stress.

ABSTRACT: The understanding of fracture phenomena of a material at extremely high strain rates is a key issue for a wide variety of scientific research ranging from applied science and technological developments to fundamental science such as laser-matter interaction and geology. Despite its interest, its study relies on a fine multiscale description, in between the atomic scale and macroscopic processes, so far only achievable by large-scale atomic simulations. Direct ultrafast real-time monitoring of dynamic fracture (spallation) at the atomic lattice scale with picosecond time resolution was beyond the reach of experimental techniques. We show that the coupling between a high-power optical laser pump pulse and a femtosecond x-ray probe pulse generated by an x-ray free electron laser allows detection of the lattice dynamics in a tantalum foil at an ultrahigh strain rate of [Formula: see text] ~2 × 10⁸ to 3.5 × 10⁸ s^-1. A maximal density drop of 8 to 10%, associated with the onset of spallation at a spall strength of ~17 GPa, was directly measured using x-ray diffraction. The experimental results of density evolution agree well with large-scale atomistic simulations of shock wave propagation and fracture of the sample. Our experimental technique opens a new pathway to the investigation of ultrahigh strain-rate phenomena in materials at the atomic scale, including high-speed crack dynamics and stress-induced solid-solid phase transitions.

SUBMITTER: Albertazzi B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5457031 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Dynamic fracture of tantalum under extreme tensile stress.

Albertazzi Bruno B Ozaki Norimasa N Zhakhovsky Vasily V Faenov Anatoly A Habara Hideaki H Harmand Marion M Hartley Nicholas N Ilnitsky Denis D Inogamov Nail N Inubushi Yuichi Y Ishikawa Tetsuya T Katayama Tetsuo T Koyama Takahisa T Koenig Michel M Krygier Andrew A Matsuoka Takeshi T Matsuyama Satoshi S McBride Emma E Migdal Kirill Petrovich KP Morard Guillaume G Ohashi Haruhiko H Okuchi Takuo T Pikuz Tatiana T Purevjav Narangoo N Sakata Osami O Sano Yasuhisa Y Sato Tomoko T Sekine Toshimori T Seto Yusuke Y Takahashi Kenjiro K Tanaka Kazuo K Tange Yoshinori Y Togashi Tadashi T Tono Kensuke K Umeda Yuhei Y Vinci Tommaso T Yabashi Makina M Yabuuchi Toshinori T Yamauchi Kazuto K Yumoto Hirokatsu H Kodama Ryosuke R

Science advances 20170602 6

The understanding of fracture phenomena of a material at extremely high strain rates is a key issue for a wide variety of scientific research ranging from applied science and technological developments to fundamental science such as laser-matter interaction and geology. Despite its interest, its study relies on a fine multiscale description, in between the atomic scale and macroscopic processes, so far only achievable by large-scale atomic simulations. Direct ultrafast real-time monitoring of dy ...[more]

PMID: 28630909

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Project description:Background: Functional orthoses are commonly used to treat skeletal Class II malocclusion, but the specific mechanism through which they do this has been a challenging topic in orthodontics. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of tensile stress on the osteogenic differentiation of condylar chondrocytes from an exosomal perspective. Methods: We cultured rat condylar chondrocytes under resting and tensile stress conditions and subsequently extracted cellular exosomes from them. We then screened miRNAs that were differentially expressed between the two exosome extracts by high-throughput sequencing and performed bioinformatics analysis and osteogenesis-related target gene prediction using the TargetScan and miRanda softwares. Exosomes cultured under resting and tensile stress conditions were co-cultured with condylar chondrocytes for 24 h to form the Control-Exo and Force-Exo exosome groups, respectively. Quantitative real time PCR(RT-qPCR) and western blotting were then used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of Runx2 and Sox9 in condylar chondrocytes. Results: The mRNA and protein expression levels of Runx2 and Sox9 in the Force-Exo group were significantly higher than those in the Control-Exo group (p < 0.05). The differential miRNA expression results were consistent with our sequencing results. Bioinformatics analysis and target gene prediction results showed that the main biological processes and molecular functions involved in differential miRNA expression in exosomes under tensile stress were biological processes and protein binding, respectively. Kyoto Gene and Genome Data Bank (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed significant enrichment of differentially expressed miRNAs in the mTOR signaling pathway. The differentially expressed miRNAs were found to target osteogenesis-related genes. Conclusion: These results suggest that stimulation of rat condylar chondrocytes with tensile stress can alter the expression levels of certain miRNAs in their exosomes and promote their osteogenic differentiation. Exosomes under tensile stress culture conditions thus have potential applications in the treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA).

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Dynamic fracture of tantalum under extreme tensile stress.

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Dynamic fracture of tantalum under extreme tensile stress.

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