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Electrophoresis assisted time-of-flow mass spectrometry using hollow nanomechanical resonators.

ABSTRACT: This report discusses the first demonstration of electrophoresis assisted time-of-flow mass spectrometry using 'U' shaped hollow nanomechanical resonators (HNR). Capillary electrophoresis was coupled with the HNR based mass detection to overcome low ionic conductivity of channels embedded in the HNR preventing direct in-situ electrophoretic separation. The flow of analytes through the HNR was achieved by balancing the hydrodynamic pressure to override the electromotive force and inhibit the motion of analytes towards the anode for capillary electrophoresis. The resonance frequency shifts of the HNR vibrating around 1.5?MHz were correlated with the time of the passage of the protein bands to construct the mass spectrum. The proposed concept was demonstrated by constructing a mass spectrum of egg white proteins in the molecular weight range of 14-250?kDa. When compared to regular polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, our method not only provides a precise and fast readout but also avoids the use of chemical staining. This study paves a new route for low-cost and on-chip mass spectrometers with ultra-miniaturized dimensions.

SUBMITTER: Chaudhari S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5471201 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Electrophoresis assisted time-of-flow mass spectrometry using hollow nanomechanical resonators.

Chaudhari Swathi S Chaudhari Kamalesh K Kim Seokbeom S Khan Faheem F Lee Jungchul J Thundat Thomas T

Scientific reports 20170614 1

This report discusses the first demonstration of electrophoresis assisted time-of-flow mass spectrometry using 'U' shaped hollow nanomechanical resonators (HNR). Capillary electrophoresis was coupled with the HNR based mass detection to overcome low ionic conductivity of channels embedded in the HNR preventing direct in-situ electrophoretic separation. The flow of analytes through the HNR was achieved by balancing the hydrodynamic pressure to override the electromotive force and inhibit the moti ...[more]

PMID: 28615653

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Project description:Micro-/nanomechanical resonators are often used in material science to measure the elastic properties of ultrathin films or mass spectrometry to estimate the mass of various chemical and biological molecules. Measurements with these sensors utilize changes in the resonant frequency of the resonator exposed to an investigated quantity. Their sensitivities are, therefore, determined by the resonant frequency. The higher resonant frequency and, correspondingly, higher quality factor (Q-factor) yield higher sensitivity. In solution, the resonant frequency (Q-factor) decreases causing a significant lowering of the achievable sensitivity. Hence, the nanomechanical resonator-based sensors mainly operate in a vacuum. Identification by nanomechanical resonator also requires an additional reference measurement on the identical unloaded resonator making experiments, due to limiting achievable accuracies in current nanofabrication processes, yet challenging. In addition, the mass spectrometry by nanomechanical resonator can be routinely performed for light analytes (i.e., analyte is modelled as a point particle). For heavy analytes such as bacteria clumps neglecting their stiffness result in a significant underestimation of determined mass values. In this work, we demonstrate the extraordinary capability of hybrid shape memory alloy (SMA)-based nanomechanical resonators to i) notably tune the resonant frequencies and improve Q-factor of the resonator immersed in fluid, ii) determine the Young's (shear) modulus of prepared ultrathin film only from frequency response of the resonator with sputtered film, and iii) perform heavy analyte mass spectrometry by monitoring shift in frequency of just a single vibrational mode. The procedures required to estimate the Young's (shear) modulus of ultrathin film and the heavy analyte mass from observed changes in the resonant frequency caused by a phase transformation in SMA are developed and, afterward, validated using numerical simulations. The present results demonstrate the outstanding potential and capability of high frequency operating hybrid SMA-based nanomechanical resonators in sensing applications that can be rarely achieved by current nanomechanical resonator-based sensors.

Dataset Information

Electrophoresis assisted time-of-flow mass spectrometry using hollow nanomechanical resonators.

Publications

Electrophoresis assisted time-of-flow mass spectrometry using hollow nanomechanical resonators.

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