Chronic high-sodium diet intake after weaning lead to neurogenic hypertension in adult Wistar rats.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gomes PM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5515999 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Increased sugar consumption, especially fructose, is strongly related to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate long term effects of fructose supplementation on Wistar rats. Three-week-old male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 14) and fructose fed (FF; n = 18), with a fructose enriched drink (20-25% w/v fructose in water) for 21 weeks. Systolic blood pressure, fasting glycemia, and bodyweight were regularly measured. Glucose tolerance was evaluated three times using an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin levels were measured concomitantly and insulin resistance markers were evaluated (HOMA 2-IR, Insulin Sensitivity Index for glycemia (ISI-gly)). Lipids profile was evaluated on plasma. This fructose supplementation resulted in the early induction of hypertension without renal failure (stable theoretical creatinine clearance) and in the progressive development of fasting hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (higher HOMA 2-IR, lower ISI-gly) without modification of glucose tolerance. FF rats presented dyslipidemia (higher plasma triglycerides) and early sign of liver malfunction (higher liver weight). Although abdominal fat weight was increased in FF rats, no significant overweight was found. In Wistar rats, 21 weeks of fructose supplementation induced a metabolic syndrome (hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia) but not T2D.
| S-EPMC5405603 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveRandomized trial data guiding dietary recommendations to lower serum uric acid (UA), the etiologic precursor of gout, are scarce. We undertook this study to examine the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (a well-established diet that lowers blood pressure) and levels of sodium intake on serum UA.MethodsWe conducted an ancillary study of a randomized, crossover feeding trial in 103 adults with prehypertension or stage I hypertension. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the DASH diet or a control diet (typical of the average American diet) and were further fed low, medium, and high levels of sodium for 30 days, each in random order. Body weight was kept constant. Serum UA levels were measured at baseline and following each feeding period.ResultsTrial participants were 55% women and 75% black with a mean ± SD age of 51.5 ± 9.7 years and a mean ± SD serum UA level of 5.0 ± 1.3 mg/dl. The DASH diet reduced serum UA (-0.35 mg/dl [95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.65, -0.05], P = 0.02), with a higher effect (-1.29 mg/dl [95% CI -2.50, -0.08]) among participants (n = 8) with a baseline serum UA level of ≥7 mg/dl. Increasing sodium intake from the low level decreased serum UA during the medium sodium intake period (-0.3 mg/dl [95% CI -0.5, -0.2], P < 0.001) and during the high sodium intake period (-0.4 mg/dl [95% CI -0.6, -0.3], P < 0.001).ConclusionThe DASH diet lowered serum UA, and this effect was greater among participants with hyperuricemia. Moreover, we found that higher sodium intake decreased serum UA, which enhances our knowledge of urate pathophysiology and risk factors for hyperuricemia.
| S-EPMC5363397 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Numerous studies have indicated that the use of plants rich in bioactive compounds may reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate how the addition of fruit and leaves to high-fructose diet affects lipid metabolism, including the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation in Wistar rats. The animals were fed with AIN-93G diet, high fructose (HFr) diet, HFr diet with addition of 5% or 10% freeze-dried fruits, and HFr diet with addition of 1% or 3% freeze-dried leaves. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. The results showed that the intake of fruit and leaves of sweet cherry caused the improvement of the liver function, as well as beneficially affected lipid metabolism, among others, by regulating the expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation. Additionally, they exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, the addition of fruit and leaves reduced the adverse changes arising from the consumption of high fructose diet. Therefore, not only commonly consumed fruits, but also leaves can be potentially used as functional foods. These findings may be helpful in prevention and treatment of the obesity-related metabolic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases.
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Project description:RationaleAlcohol and nicotine co-dependence is common in humans, and nicotine increases alcohol drinking in humans without alcohol use disorder (AUD). Nevertheless, there is little basic research on the interactions between the reinforcing effects of these two drugs.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic nicotine injections on oral alcohol self-administration in alcohol non-dependent rats.MethodsAfter stable alcohol self-administration was reached (baseline) and a period without alcohol access, adult male rats were treated with chronic nicotine or saline injections for 105 days during which time they were tested intermittently for alcohol self-administration. There were 3 experimental groups: (1) saline, rats treated with saline for 105 days; (2) early nicotine, rats treated with nicotine for 70 days, and then with saline for 35 days; and (3) late nicotine: rats treated with saline for 35 days, and then with nicotine for 70 days.ResultsOur results indicate that (1) chronic nicotine increases alcohol consumption regardless of whether exposure to alcohol was interrupted (early nicotine) or not (late nicotine) before the start of nicotine treatment, (2) the number of alcohol reinforcements correlates to blood-alcohol levels, and (3) alcohol self-administration rapidly decreases when nicotine is no longer available (early nicotine).ConclusionsThese discoveries may have clinical implications in social drinkers that use nicotine products, in that chronic nicotine can escalate alcohol drinking and cessation of nicotine exposure may decrease alcohol use.
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Project description:Very few people are able to quit smoking, and therefore it is essential to know which factors contribute to the development of compulsive nicotine use. These studies aimed to investigate if early-adolescent nicotine exposure causes locomotor sensitization and affects anxiety-like behavior and the spontaneous acquisition of intravenous nicotine self-administration. Early-adolescent male and female rats were treated with nicotine from postnatal (P) days 24 to 42, and anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were investigated one day after the cessation of nicotine treatment and in adulthood (>P75). The spontaneous acquisition of nicotine self-administration was also investigated in adulthood. The rats self-administered 0.03 mg/kg/infusion of nicotine for six days under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule and four days under an FR2 schedule (3-h sessions). Repeated nicotine administration increased locomotor activity, rearing, and stereotypies in a small open field in adolescent male and female rats. One day after the last nicotine injection, the percentage of open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test was decreased in the males and increased in the females. However, locomotor activity in the small open field was unaffected. Adolescent nicotine treatment did not affect anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in adulthood. During the 10-day nicotine self-administration period, the females had a higher level of nicotine intake than the males. Adolescent nicotine treatment decreased nicotine intake in the females. In conclusion, these findings indicate that repeated nicotine administration during adolescence causes robust behavioral sensitization and leads to lower nicotine intake in females throughout the acquisition period in adulthood in rats.
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Project description:Maternal choline intakes are below recommendations, potentially impairing the child's later-life metabolic health. This study aims to elucidate the interaction between the choline content of the gestational diet (GD) and fat content of the post-weaning diet (PWD) on metabolic phenotype of male Wistar rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a standard rodent diet (AIN-93G) with either recommended choline (RC, 1 g/kg diet choline bitartrate) or high choline (HC, 2.5-fold). Male pups were weaned to either a normal (16%) fat (NF) or a high (45%) fat (HF) diet for 17 weeks. Body weight, visceral adiposity, food intake, energy expenditure, plasma hormones, triglycerides, and hepatic fatty acids were measured. HC-HF offspring had 7% lower body weight but not food intake, and lower adiposity, plasma triglycerides, and insulin resistance compared to RC-HF. They also had increased hepatic n-3 fatty acids and a reduced n-6/n-3 and C 18:1 n-9/C18:0 ratios. In contrast, HC-NF offspring had 6-8% higher cumulative food intake and body weight, as well as increased leptin and elevated hepatic C16:1 n-7/C16:0 ratio compared to RC-NF. Therefore, gestational choline supplementation associated with improved long-term regulation of several biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome in male Wistar rat offspring fed a HF, but not a NF, PWD.
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Project description:Hypertension and hypertriglycemia are the most important contributors to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease risk in South Koreans with a relatively lean body mass. These major contributors differ from those identified in Western populations. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of the Korean diet associated with increased risk of MetS, whose prevalence has been steadily increasing in South Korea. On the basis of data collected from 5,320 subjects by the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 3 dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis and their association with the risk of MetS and its components was examined. The balanced Korean diet, a typical Korean diet of rice and kimchi intake supplemented by a variety of foods had a desirable macronutrient composition and was associated with a lower risk of elevated blood pressure (OR=0.61, 95% CI=0.45-0.84) and hypertriglyceridemia (0.69, 0.49-0.88) in men and a lower risk of elevated blood pressure (0.59, 0.41-0.85) and MetS (0.67, 0.47-0.96) in women. The unbalanced Korean diet, characterized by a high intake of carbohydrates and sodium and little variety, was associated with a higher risk of MetS (1.44, 1.03-2.01) and elevated blood pressure (1.41, 1.00-1.98) in women. The semi-western diet, characterized by a relatively high intake of meat, poultry, and alcohol, was associated with a lower risk of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.70, 0.54-0.89) in women. Thus, macronutrient composition and sodium intake are associated with the risk of MetS and prehypertension in women. Maintaining a desirable macronutrient composition and avoiding excessive consumption of carbohydrates and sodium should be emphasized for prevention of MetS and hypertension in South Korean women.
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Project description:Inbred salt-sensitive (SS) rats developed by John Rapp and distributed by Harlan (SS/JrHsd) were shown to model ovariectomy-induced hypertension because on a low-sodium (LS) diet, ovariectomized SS (SS-OVX) animals became hypertensive in contrast to their sham-operated (SS-SHAM) normotensive littermates. After Harlan merged with Envigo in 2015, inconsistencies in the LS normotensive phenotype were reported. To further investigate these inconsistencies, we studied the effects of ovariectomy on SS and salt-resistant (SR) rats purchased from Envigo (SS/JrHsd/Env) between 2015 and 2017. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) in SS rats on a LS diet exceeded 160 mmHg at 7 mo old. Ovariectomy at 3 mo had no detectable effect on MAP from 4 to 7 mo, nor did ovariectomy at 1.5 mo significantly affect MAP at 10 mo in either strain; only strain differences in MAP were observed [MAP: SR-SHAM ( n = 7 rats), 102?±?3 mmHg; SR-OVX ( n = 6 rats), 114?±?1 mmHg; SS-SHAM ( n = 7 rats), 177?±?6 mmHg; SS-OVX ( n = 5 rats), 190?±?12 mmHg; where P < 0.0001 vs. SR, same ovarian-status for SS-SHAM and SS-OVX, respectively]. Whole genome sequencing revealed more genomic variants of SS/JrHsd/Env, including single nucleotide and insertion deletion polymorphisms and higher heterozygous/homozygous ratios compared with the reference genome, than for SS/JrHsd/Mcwi and SS/Jr rats maintained in Milwaukee, WI and Toledo, OH, respectively, and which still exhibit normal blood pressure on a LS diet. These findings demonstrate that the female SS/JrHsd/Env rat has genetically diverged from the original phenotype, which was normotensive on a LS diet when the ovaries were intact but rapidly developed hypertension when the ovaries were removed. Nonetheless, the SS/JrHsd/Env rat could be a valuable model that complements other animal models of spontaneous hypertension used to investigate mechanisms of essential hypertension.
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Project description:Green tea (GT) and oolong tea (OLT) are widely consumed beverages, and their preventive and regulatory effects on hypertension have been reported. However, the interventional effects of GT and OLT on hypertension induced by a high-salt diet and its mechanism have not been fully explored. This study evaluated the anti-hypertensive effects of GT and OLT and their underlying mechanisms. The in vivo anti-hypertensive effects of GT and OLT and their capability to prevent hypertension and regulate the intestinal microbiota in Wistar rats fed with a high-salt diet were evaluated. Our results show that GT and OLT supplementations could regulate oxidative stress, inflammation, gene expression, and parameter levels related to blood pressure (BP) and prevent the increase in BP induced by a high-salt diet. Furthermore, both GT and OLT boosted the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota, increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria and conditionally pathogenic bacteria, and regulated the intestinal microbial metabolism pathway related to BP. Among them, OLT presented better effects than GT. These findings indicate that GT and OLT can prevent hypertension caused by high-salt diets, which may be due to the regulation of intestinal flora by GT and OLT.
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Project description:Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a worldwide public health problem and a polygenetic disorder displaying substantial individual variation. This work aimed to study individual differences in behavior and its association to voluntary alcohol intake and subsequent response to naltrexone in a seamless heterogenic group of animals. Thus, by this approach the aim was to more accurately recapitulate the existing heterogeneity within the human population. Male Wistar rats from three different suppliers (Harlan Laboratories B.V., RccHan™:WI; Taconic Farms A/S, HanTac:WH; and Charles River GmbH, Crl:WI) were used to create a heterogenic group for studies of individual differences in behavior, associations to intermittent voluntary alcohol intake and subsequent response to naltrexone. The rats were tested in the open field prior to the Y-maze and then given voluntary intermittent access to alcohol or water in the home cage for 6 weeks, where after, naltrexone in three different doses or saline was administered in a Latin square design over 4 weeks and alcohol intake and preference was measured. However, supplier-dependent differences and concomitant skew subgroup formations, primarily in open field behavior and intermittent alcohol intake, resulted in a shifted focus to instead study voluntary alcohol intake and preference, and the ensuing response to naltrexone in Wistar rats from three different suppliers. The results showed that outbred Wistar rats are diverse with regard to voluntary alcohol intake and preference in a supplier-dependent manner; higher in RccHan™:WI relative to HanTac:WH and Crl:WI. The results also revealed supplier-dependent differences in the effect of naltrexone that were dose- and time-dependent; evident differences in high-drinking RccHan™:WI rats relative to HanTac:WH and Crl:WI rats. Overall these findings render RccHan™:WI rats more suitable for studies of individual differences in voluntary alcohol intake and response to naltrexone and further highlight the inherent heterogeneity of the Wistar strain. The overall results put focus on the importance of thoroughly considering the animals used to aid in study design and for comparison of reported results.
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