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Dietary intake and risk of non-severe hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

ABSTRACT: AIMS:To determine the association between dietary intake and risk of non-severe hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. METHODS:Type 1 adolescents from a randomized trial wore a blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system at baseline for one week in free-living conditions. Dietary intake was calculated as the average from two 24-h dietary recalls. Non-severe hypoglycemia was defined as having blood glucose <70mg/dL for ?10min but not requiring external assistance, categorized as daytime and nocturnal (11PM-7AM). Data were analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS:Among 98 participants with 14,277h of CGM data, 70 had daytime hypoglycemia, 66 had nocturnal hypoglycemia, 55 had both, and 17 had neither. Soluble fiber and protein intake were positively associated with both daytime and nocturnal hypoglycemia. Glycemic index, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat were negatively associated with daytime hypoglycemia only. Adjusting for total daily insulin dose per kilogram eliminated all associations. CONCLUSIONS:Dietary intake was differentially associated with daytime and nocturnal hypoglycemia. Over 80% of type 1 adolescents had hypoglycemia in a week, which may be attributed to the mismatch between optimal insulin dose needed for each meal and actually delivered insulin dose without considering quality of carbohydrate and nutrients beyond carbohydrate. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01286350.

SUBMITTER: Zhong VW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5526710 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Dietary intake and risk of non-severe hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Zhong Victor W VW Crandell Jamie L JL Shay Christina M CM Gordon-Larsen Penny P Cole Stephen R SR Juhaeri Juhaeri J Kahkoska Anna R AR Maahs David M DM Seid Michael M Forlenza Gregory P GP Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J EJ

Journal of diabetes and its complications 20170420 8

<h4>Aims</h4>To determine the association between dietary intake and risk of non-severe hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.<h4>Methods</h4>Type 1 adolescents from a randomized trial wore a blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system at baseline for one week in free-living conditions. Dietary intake was calculated as the average from two 24-h dietary recalls. Non-severe hypoglycemia was defined as having blood glucose <70mg/dL for ≥10min but not requiring external assistance, ...[more]

PMID: 28476567

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Project description:ImportanceIntensive glucose-lowering treatment among patients with non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of intensive treatment and the association between intensive treatment, clinical complexity, and incidence of severe hypoglycemia among adults with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin.Design, setting, and participantsRetrospective analysis of administrative, pharmacy, and laboratory data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2013. The study included nonpregnant adults 18 years or older with type 2 diabetes who achieved and maintained a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level less than 7.0% without use of insulin and had no episodes of severe hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in the prior 12 months.Main outcomes and measuresRisk-adjusted probability of intensive treatment and incident severe hypoglycemia, stratified by patient clinical complexity. Intensive treatment was defined as use of more glucose-lowering medications than recommended by practice guidelines at specific index HbA1c levels. Severe hypoglycemia was ascertained by ambulatory, emergency department, and hospital claims for hypoglycemia during the 2 years after the index HbA1c test. Patients were categorized as having high vs low clinical complexity if they were 75 years or older, had dementia or end-stage renal disease, or had 3 or more serious chronic conditions.ResultsOf 31 542 eligible patients (median age, 58 years; interquartile range, 51-65 years; 15 483 women [49.1%]; 18 188 white [57.7%]), 3910 (12.4%) had clinical complexity. The risk-adjusted probability of intensive treatment was 25.7% (95% CI, 25.1%-26.2%) in patients with low clinical complexity and 20.8% (95% CI, 19.4%-22.2%) in patients with high clinical complexity. In patients with low clinical complexity, the risk-adjusted probability of severe hypoglycemia during the subsequent 2 years was 1.02% (95% CI, 0.87%-1.17%) with standard treatment and 1.30% (95% CI, 0.98%-1.62%) with intensive treatment (absolute difference, 0.28%; 95% CI, -0.10% to 0.66%). In patients with high clinical complexity, intensive treatment significantly increased the risk-adjusted probability of severe hypoglycemia from 1.74% (95% CI, 1.28%-2.20%) with standard treatment to 3.04% (95% CI, 1.91%-4.18%) with intensive treatment (absolute difference, 1.30%; 95% CI, 0.10%-2.50%).Conclusions and relevanceMore than 20% of patients with type 2 diabetes received intensive treatment that may be unnecessary. Among patients with high clinical complexity, intensive treatment nearly doubles the risk of severe hypoglycemia.

Project description:AimsNon-severe hypoglycemia (NS-H) is challenging for people living with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) and often results from relative iatrogenic hyper-insulinemia. Current guidelines recommend a one-size-fits-all approach of 15-20 g of simple carbohydrates (CHO) every 15 min regardless of the triggering conditions of the NS-H event. We aimed to test different amounts of CHO to treat insulin-induced NS-H at various glucose ranges.MethodsThis is a randomized, four-way, crossover study involving PWT1D, testing NS-H treatment outcomes with 16 g vs. 32 g CHO at two plasma glucose (PG) ranges: A: 3.0-3.5 mmol/L and B: <3.0 mmol/L. Across all study arms, participants consumed an additional 16 g of CHO if PG was still <3.0 mmol/L at 15 min and <4.0 mmol/L at 45 min post-initial treatment. Subcutaneous insulin was used in a fasting state to induce NS-H. Participants had frequent venous sampling of PG, insulin, and glucagon levels.ResultsParticipants (n = 32; 56% female participants) had a mean (SD) age of 46.1 (17.1) years, had HbA1c at 54.0 (6.8 mmol/mol) [7.1% (0.9%)], and had a diabetes duration of 27.5 (17.0) years; 56% were insulin pump users. We compared NS-H correction parameters between 16 g and 32 g of CHO for range A, 3.0-3.5 mmol/L (n = 32), and range B, <3.0 mmol/L (n = 29). Change in PG at 15 min for A: 0.1 (0.8) mmol/L vs. 0.6 (0.9) mmol/L, p = 0.02; and for B: 0.8 (0.9) mmol/L vs. 0.8 (1.0) mmol/L, p = 1.0. Percentage of participants with corrected episodes at 15 min: (A) 19% vs. 47%, p = 0.09; (B) 21% vs. 24%, p = 1.0. A second treatment was necessary in (A) 50% vs. 15% of participants, p = 0.001; (B) 45% vs. 34% of participants, p = 0.37. No statistically significant differences in insulin and glucagon parameters were observed.ConclusionsNS-H, in the context of hyper-insulinemia, is difficult to treat in PWT1D. Initial consumption of 32 g of CHO revealed some advantages at the 3.0-3.5 mmol/L range. This was not reproduced at lower PG ranges since participants needed additional CHO regardless of the amount of initial consumption.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03489967.

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Dietary intake and risk of non-severe hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

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Dietary intake and risk of non-severe hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

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