Effect of Organic Solvents on Microalgae Growth, Metabolism and Industrial Bioproduct Extraction: A Review.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Miazek K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5535920 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:In this review, the effect of pharmaceuticals (PHRs) and personal care products (PCPs) on microalgal growth and metabolism is reported. Concentrations of various PHRs and PCPs that cause inhibition and toxicity to growths of different microalgal strains are summarized and compared. The effect of PHRs and PCPs on microalgal metabolism (oxidative stress, enzyme activity, pigments, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, toxins), as well as on the cellular morphology, is discussed. Literature data concerning the removal of PHRs and PCPs from wastewaters by living microalgal cultures, with the emphasis on microalgal growth, are gathered and discussed. The potential of simultaneously bioremediating PHRs/PCPs-containing wastewaters and cultivating microalgae for biomass production in a single process is considered. In the light of reviewed data, the feasibility of post-bioremediation microalgal biomass is discussed in terms of its contamination, biosafety and further usage for production of value-added biomolecules (pigments, lipids, proteins) and biomass as a whole.
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Project description:Current aquatic chemical testing guidelines recognise that solvents can potentially interfere with the organism or environmental conditions of aquatic ecotoxicity tests and therefore recommend concentration limits for their use. These recommendations are based on evidence of adverse solvent effects in apical level tests. The growing importance of sub-apical and chronic endpoints in future test strategies, however, suggests the limits may need re-assessment. To address this concern, microarrays were used to determine the effects of organic solvents, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), upon the transcriptome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed for 48 h to 0.025 and 0.1 ml/L DMF or DMSO. Effects on survival and development after 24 and 48 h were assessed microscopically with no effects on mortality or morphology. However, analysis of 48-h embryonic RNA revealed large numbers of differentially expressed genes for both solvent at both concentrations. The enrichment of differentially expressed genes was found for metabolic, development and other key biological processes, some of which could be linked to observed morphological effects at higher solvent concentrations. These findings emphasise the need to remove or lower as far as possible, the concentrations of solvent carriers in ecotoxicology tests.
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Project description:1. The method is based on the observation that choline esters and sodium tetraphenylboron (Kalignost) form complexes that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as nitriles, higher ketones and benzyl alcohol. 2. The extraction procedure is an example of liquid cation exchange where tetraphenylboron is the cation-exchange group. 3. The proportion of choline esters extracted depends on the type and total amount of cation in the aqueous phase and the amount of sodium tetraphenylboron in the organic solvent. 4. The proportion of choline esters extracted is independent of the choline ester concentration, the pH (between 8 and 3) and the relative volumes of the two phases. 5. The affinity of sodium tetraphenylboron for choline esters increases with an increase in the size of the acyl group. 6. The choline ester extracted can be released into an aqueous solution by treatment with strong acids, silver salts and anion-exchange resins.
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Project description:Introduction:Car painters are routinely exposed to organic solvents classified as carcinogenic and mutagenic substances. Objective:To characterize the population susceptibility and evaluate the genotoxic effects of exposure to organic solvents. Methods:A cross-sectional study comparing a group of car painters exposed to organic solvents with a non-exposed group. CYP2E1 polymorphisms and the presence of micronuclei in lymphocytes were determined. Results:One hundred twenty-two workers participated in the study: 62 who worked in car paint shops and were exposed to solvents, and 60 who were not exposed. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding micronucleated cells and nucleoplasmic bridges frequencies (p= 0.042 and p= 0.046, respectively; exact likelihood ratio). Significant differences were found at the interaction between the CYP2E1 genotype c1c1 and occupational exposure to solvents, with higher frequencies of micronuclei (p= 0.013) and micronucleated cells (p= 0.015). However, when the frequencies of micronuclei, micronucleated cells and nucleoplasmic bridges in the exposure group were compared between the c1c1 and c2c2/c1c2 allele groups of the CYP2E1 polymorphism, statistically significant differences were found. Conclusions:This study confirms that when workers with CYP2E1 polymorphisms, specifically the c1c1 genotype, are exposed to organic solvents, they are more likely to have somatic cell mutations, a condition associated with increased susceptibility to diseases such as cancer.
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Project description:Current aquatic chemical testing guidelines recognise that solvents can potentially interfere with the organism or environmental conditions of aquatic ecotoxicity tests and therefore recommend concentration limits for their use. These recommendations are based on evidence of adverse solvent effects in apical level tests. The growing importance of sub-apical and chronic endpoints in future test strategies, however, suggests the limits may need re-assessment. To address this concern, microarrays were used to determine the effects of organic solvents, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), upon the transcriptome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed for 48 h to 0.025 and 0.1 ml/L DMF or DMSO. Effects on survival and development after 24 and 48 h were assessed microscopically with no effects on mortality or morphology. However, analysis of 48-h embryonic RNA revealed large numbers of differentially expressed genes for both solvent at both concentrations. The enrichment of differentially expressed genes was found for metabolic, development and other key biological processes, some of which could be linked to observed morphological effects at higher solvent concentrations. These findings emphasise the need to remove or lower as far as possible, the concentrations of solvent carriers in ecotoxicology tests. Balanced loop design consisting of five separate conditions - two exposure concentrations for each of the two solvents and a control treatment - using four replicates for each condition all of which were dye swapped, resulting in a total of twenty independant samples on twenty arrays.
2011-10-05 | E-GEOD-32593 | biostudies-arrayexpress
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Project description:Organic solvents are widely used in a variety of industrial sectors. Reclaiming and reusing the solvents may be the most economically and environmentally beneficial option for managing spent solvents. Purifying the solvents to meet reuse specifications can be challenging. For hydrophilic solvents, water must be removed prior to reuse, yet many hydrophilic solvents form hard-to-separate azeotropic mixtures with water. Such mixtures make separation processes energy intensive and cause economic challenges. The membrane processes pervaporation (PV) and vapor permeation (VP) can be less energy intensive than distillation-based processes and have proven to be very effective in removing water from azeotropic mixtures. In PV/VP, separation is based on the solution-diffusion interaction between the dense permselective layer of the membrane and the solvent/water mixture. This review provides a state-of-the-science analysis of materials used as the selective layer(s) of PV/VP membranes in removing water from organic solvents. A variety of membrane materials, such as polymeric, inorganic, mixed matrix, and hybrid, have been reported in the literature. A small subset of these are commercially available and highlighted here: poly(vinyl alcohol), polyimides, amorphous perfluoro polymers, NaA zeolites, chabazite zeolites, T-type zeolites, and hybrid silicas. The typical performance characteristics and operating limits of these membranes are discussed. Solvents targeted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for reclamation are emphasized and ten common solvents are chosen for analysis: acetonitrile, 1-butanol, N,N-dimethyl formamide, ethanol, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and 2-propanol.
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