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Role of Atg5-dependent cell death in the embryonic development of Bax/Bak double-knockout mice.

ABSTRACT: Programmed cell death, which is required for the development and homeostasis of metazoans, includes mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and necrotic (or type III) death. Members of the Bcl2 family regulate apoptosis, among which Bax and Bak act as a mitochondrial gateway. Although embryonic fibroblasts from Bax/Bak double-knockout (DKO) mice are resistant to apoptosis, we previously demonstrated that these cells die through an autophagy-dependent mechanism in response to various types of cellular stressors. To determine the physiological role of autophagy-dependent cell death, we generated Atg5/Bax/Bak triple-knockout (TKO) mice, in which autophagy is greatly suppressed compared with DKO mice. Embryonic fibroblasts and thymocytes from TKO mice underwent autophagy much less frequently, and their viability was much higher than DKO cells in the presence of certain cellular stressors, providing genetic evidence that DKO cells undergo Atg5-dependent death. Compared with wild-type embryos, the loss of interdigital webs was significantly delayed in DKO embryos and was even further delayed in TKO embryos. Brain malformation is a distinct feature observed in DKO embryos on the 129 genetic background, but not in those on a B6 background, whereas such malformations appeared in TKO embryos even on a B6 background. Taken together, our data suggest that Atg5-dependent cell death contributes to the embryonic development of DKO mice, implying that autophagy compensates for the deficiency in apoptosis.

SUBMITTER: Arakawa S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5563990 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pharmacologic Reduction of Mitochondrial Iron Triggers a Noncanonical BAX/BAK-Dependent Cell Death

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Expression data from BAX/BAK double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast at baseline and following exposure to genotoxic stress.

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BID, BIM, and PUMA are essential for activation of the BAX- and BAK-dependent cell death program.

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Bnip3 mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death through Bax and Bak.

Project description:Bnip3 is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family that is down-regulated in pancreatic cancers, which correlates with resistance to chemotherapy and a worsened prognosis. In contrast, Bnip3 is up-regulated in heart failure and contributes to loss of myocardial cells during I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion). Bnip3 exerts its action at the mitochondria, but the mechanism by which Bnip3 mediates mitochondrial dysfunction is not clear. In the present study, we have identified Bax and Bak as downstream effectors of Bnip3-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Bnip3 plays a role in hypoxia-mediated cell death, but MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) derived from mice deficient in Bax and Bak were completely resistant to hypoxia even with substantial up-regulation of Bnip3. These cells were also resistant to Bnip3 overexpression, but re-expression of Bax or Bak restored susceptibility to Bnip3, suggesting that Bnip3 can act via either Bax or Bak. In contrast, Bnip3 overexpression in wild-type MEFs induced mitochondrial dysfunction with loss of membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. Cell death by Bnip3 was reduced in the presence of mPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) inhibitors, but did not prevent Bnip3-mediated activation of Bax or Bak. Moreover, overexpression of Bnip3DeltaTM, a dominant-negative form of Bnip3, reduced translocation of GFP (green fluorescent protein)-Bax to mitochondria during sI/R (simulated I/R) in HL-1 myocytes. Similarly, down-regulation of Bnip3 using RNA interference decreased activation of Bax in response to sI/R in HL-1 myocytes. These results suggest that Bnip3 mediates mitochondrial dysfunction through activation of Bax or Bak which is independent of mPTP opening.

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Project description:BH3 only proteins trigger cell death by interacting with pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 family of proteins. Here we report that BH3 peptides corresponding to the death domain of BH3-only proteins, which bind all the pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins, induce cell death in the absence of BAX and BAK. The BH3 peptides did not cause the release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria or from mitochondria in cells. However, the BH3 peptides did cause a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential but did not induce the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Interestingly, the BH3 peptides induced mitochondria to undergo fission in the absence of BAX and BAK. The binding of BCL-X(L) with dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a GTPase known to regulate mitochondrial fission, increased in the presence of BH3 peptides. These results suggest that pro-survival BCL-2 proteins regulate mitochondrial fission and cell death in the absence of BAX and BAK.

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