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USP26 functions as a negative regulator of cellular reprogramming by stabilising PRC1 complex components.

ABSTRACT: Despite much progress in the comprehension of the complex process of somatic cell reprogramming, many questions regarding the molecular mechanism of regulation remain to be answered. At present, the knowledge on the negative regulation of reprogramming process is indeed poor in contrary to the identification of positive regulators. Here we report for the first time that ubiquitin-specific protease 26 negatively regulates somatic cell-reprogramming process by stabilizing chromobox (CBX)-containing proteins CBX4 and CBX6 of polycomb-repressive complex 1 through the removal of K48-linked polyubiquitination. Thus, accumulated CBX4 and CBX6 repress the expression of pluripotency genes, such as Sox2 and Nanog, through PRC1 complexes to ubiquitinate histone H2A at their promoters. In all, our findings have revealed an essential role for ubiquitin-specific protease 26 in cellular reprogramming through polycomb-repressive complex 1.The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates cellular reprogramming by degradation of key pluripotency factors. Here the authors report that the post-translational regulation of PRC1 components CBX4 and CBX6 by ubiquitination influences reprogramming.

SUBMITTER: Ning B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5571198 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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USP26 functions as a negative regulator of cellular reprogramming by stabilising PRC1 complex components.

Ning Bo B Zhao Wei W Qian Chen C Liu Pinghua P Li Qingtian Q Li Wenyuan W Wang Rong-Fu RF

Nature communications 20170824 1

Despite much progress in the comprehension of the complex process of somatic cell reprogramming, many questions regarding the molecular mechanism of regulation remain to be answered. At present, the knowledge on the negative regulation of reprogramming process is indeed poor in contrary to the identification of positive regulators. Here we report for the first time that ubiquitin-specific protease 26 negatively regulates somatic cell-reprogramming process by stabilizing chromobox (CBX)-containin ...[more]

PMID: 28839133

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Project description:Most of the complement proteins in circulation are, by and large, synthesized in the liver. However data accumulated over the past several decades provide incontrovertible evidence that some if not most of the individual complement proteins are also synthesized extrahepatically by activated as well as non-activated cells. The question that is finally being addressed by various investigators is: are the locally synthesized proteins solely responsible for the myriad of biological functions in situ without the contribution of systemic complement? The answer is probably "yes". Among the proteins that are synthesized locally, C1q takes center stage for several reasons. First, it is synthesized predominantly by potent antigen presenting cells such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), which by itself is a clue that it plays an important role in antigen presentation and/or DC maturation. Second, it is transiently anchored on the cell surface via a transmembrane domain located in its A chain before it is cleaved off and released into the pericellular milieu. The membrane-associated C1q in turn, is able to sense danger patterns via its versatile antigen-capturing globular head domains. More importantly, locally synthesized C1q has been shown to induce a plethora of biological functions through the induction of immunomodulatory molecules by an autocrine- or paracrine- mediated signaling in a manner that mimics those of TNF?. These include recognition of pathogen- and danger- associated molecular patterns, phagocytosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and induction of cytokines or chemokines that are important in modulating the inflammatory response. The functional convergence between C1q and TNF? in turn is attributed to their shared genetic ancestry. In this paper, we will infer to the aforementioned "local-synthesis-for-local function" paradigm using as an example, the role played by locally synthesized C1q in autoimmunity in general and in systemic lupus erythematosus in particular.

Project description:Human and mouse somatic cells can be reprogrammed by the combination of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, but the efficiency of reprogramming is low. To better understand the process of reprogramming we sought to identify factors that mediate reprogramming at higher efficiency. For this we established an assay to screen nuclear fractions from the extracts of pluripotent cells based on Oct4 reactivation. We identified components of the ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, which when used along with the above four factors increase reprogramming efficiency by five-fold and improve the quality of the reprogrammed cells. These cells were found to be capable of germline transmission and exhibited pluripotency according to gene expression and in vivo and in vitro assays. SWI/SNF was found to replace c-Myc and mediate its effects by facilitating recruitment of Oct4 on target promoters during reprogramming. Thus, somatic cell reprogramming using chromatin-remodeling molecules represents an efficient method of generating reprogrammed cells. DNA-free RNA samples to be hybridized on Illumina expression BeadChips were processed using a linear amplification kit (Ambion) (generating IVT duration: 12h). cRNA samples were quality-checked on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent) and hybridized as biological triplicates onto MouseWG-6 V2 chips as recommended and using materials / reagents provided by the manufacturer (hybridization time: 18h). The Myc probe on the V2 arrays was found to be defective. The bead intensities were mapped to gene information using BeadStudio 3.2 (Illumina), background correction was performed using the Affymetrix Robust Multi-array Analysis (RMA) background correction model, variance stabilization was performed using log2 scaling, and gene expression normalization was calculated with the quantile method implemented in the lumi package of R-Bioconductor. Data post-processing and graphics were performed with in-house developed functions in Matlab. Hierarchical clusters of genes and samples were performed with a one minus correlation metric and the average (unweighted pair group) linkage method. 4 samples were analyzed, each one them by triplicate. ESC: Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (OG2 mix female and male) MEF: Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (OG2 male) iPS4F: Mouse induced Pluripotent Stem cells with 4 factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-myc) iPS6F: Mouse induced Pluripotent Stem cells with 6 factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-myc, Brg1, Baf155)

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USP26 functions as a negative regulator of cellular reprogramming by stabilising PRC1 complex components.

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USP26 functions as a negative regulator of cellular reprogramming by stabilising PRC1 complex components.

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